Method and apparatus of quantizing coefficients for matrix-based intra prediction technique

ABSTRACT

A method of intra prediction of a block, comprising obtaining two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; deriving a set of reference samples based on the two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; obtaining a set of MIP coefficients based on a intra prediction mode obtained from a bitstream, wherein a MIP coefficient C MIP  of the set of MIP coefficients is obtained based on C MIP =v sgn ·(q&lt;&lt;s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient, wherein s is a left shift value and v sgn  is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; and obtaining a prediction block based on the set of reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients, wherein a reconstruct picture is obtained based on the prediction block.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of International Patent Application PCT/RU2020/050058, filed on Mar. 24, 2020, which claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/822,986, filed on Mar. 24, 2019 and which claims priority to International Patent Application No. PCT/RU2019/000442, filed on Jun. 21, 2019. The disclosures of the aforementioned patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of picture processing and to methods of intra prediction in video coding, and to the mechanism of signaling intra prediction modes.

BACKGROUND

Video coding (video encoding and decoding) is used in a wide range of digital video applications, for example broadcast digital TV, video transmission over internet and mobile networks, real-time conversational applications such as video chat, video conferencing, Digital Video Disc (DVD) and Blu-ray® discs, video content acquisition and editing systems, and camcorders of security applications.

The amount of video data needed to depict even a relatively short video can be substantial, which may result in difficulties when the data is to be streamed or otherwise communicated across a communications network with limited bandwidth capacity. Thus, video data is generally compressed before being communicated across modern day telecommunications networks. The size of a video could also be an issue when the video is stored on a storage device because memory resources may be limited. Video compression devices often use software and/or hardware at the source to code the video data prior to transmission or storage, thereby decreasing the quantity of data needed to represent digital video images. The compressed data is then received at the destination by a video decompression device that decodes the video data. With limited network resources and ever-increasing demands of higher video quality, improved compression and decompression techniques that improve compression ratio with little to no sacrifice in picture quality are desirable.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide apparatuses and methods for encoding and decoding based on the independent claims.

The foregoing and other objects are achieved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Further implementation forms are apparent from the dependent claims, the description and the figures.

The present disclosure provides a method of intra prediction, wherein the method of the intra prediction is either a directional intra prediction method or an affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) method, wherein the method comprises the following steps. Preparing a set of reference samples. In case the method of intra prediction for a first block is directional intra prediction, the method includes obtaining a first predicted signal of the first block of a first picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a first set of coefficients; obtaining a first reconstructed block of the first picture based on the first predicted signal. In case the method of intra prediction of a second block is ALWIP, the method includes obtaining a second predicted signal of the second block of a second picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a second set of coefficients, wherein the second set of coefficients comprises coefficients of a core matrix A of ALWIP, and the coefficients of the core matrix A and the first set of coefficients have same precision; upsampling the second predicted signal; and obtaining a second reconstructed block of the second picture based on the upsampled second predicted signal.

Thus, the present disclosure proposes a unified directional intra prediction with ALWIP by aligning accuracy of multiplication operations. This unification enables a possibility to have a unified convolution step for the both methods and thus to eliminate hardware redundancy.

Each of the steps mentioned above includes parameters that may be adjusted. By defining a set of parameters, the sequence of steps may operate as ALWIP or as directional intra prediction. ALWIP, may also be referred to as matrix-based intra prediction (MIP).

In the method, as described above, the first set of coefficients and/or the second set of coefficients may be defined adaptively per position of the predicted sample, respectively.

In the method as described above, the coefficients of the core matrix A may have a 6-bit precision such that 10-bit samples processing fits in 16-bit arithmetic.

In the method as described above, the step of upsampling may be skipped for directional intra prediction.

In the method as described above, the method may further comprise obtaining two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; deriving the set of reference samples based on the two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; obtaining a set of matrix-based intra prediction (MIP) coefficients based on an intra prediction mode obtained from a bitstream, wherein an MIP coefficient C_(MIP) of the set of MIP coefficients may be obtained using the following equation: C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·(q<<s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient; s is a left shift value; v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; obtaining a prediction block based on the set of reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients; wherein a reconstructed picture may be obtained based on the prediction block.

In the method as describe above, obtaining a prediction block based on the set of reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients may comprise a matrix multiplication of the reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients, wherein the multiplication operation in matrix multiplication may be performed with reduced bit depth by repositioning shift operation after multiplication: p·C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·((p·q)<<s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient; s is a left shift value; v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; p is a reference sample, p=bdry_(red) ^(top)[i]0≤i<W; or p=bdry_(red) ^(left)[i], 0≤i<H.

In the method as describe above, the magnitude of the MIP coefficient q may be a 6-bit depth value.

In the method as described above, the left shift value may be a 2-bit depth value.

In the method as described above, multiplication may be performed by the means of the multiplier that used in intra-interpolation process of angular intra prediction.

The present disclosure further provides an encoder comprising processing circuitry for carrying out the method as described above.

The present disclosure further provides a decoder comprising processing circuitry for carrying out the method as described above.

The present disclosure further provides a computer program product comprising a program code for performing the method as described above.

The present disclosure further provides a decoder, comprising one or more processors; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium coupled to the processors and storing programming for execution by the processors, wherein the programming, when executed by the processors, configures the decoder to carry out the method as described above.

The present disclosure further provides an encoder, comprising one or more processors; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium coupled to the processors and storing programming for execution by the processors, wherein the programming, when executed by the processors, configures the encoder to carry out the method as described above.

The present disclosure further provides an encoder, comprising a preparing unit configured to prepare a set of reference samples; a first obtaining unit configured to, in case a first block is intra-predicted by directional intra prediction, obtain a first predicted signal of the first block of the first picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a first set of coefficients, and obtain a first reconstructed block of the first picture based on the first predicted signal; a second obtaining unit configured to, in case a second block of a second picture is intra-predicted by ALWIP, obtain a second predicted signal of the second block of the second picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a second set of coefficients, wherein the second set of coefficients comprises coefficients of a core matrix A of ALWIP, and the coefficients of the core matrix A and the first set of coefficients have same precision; upsampling the second predicted signal; and obtaining a second reconstructed block of the second picture based on the upsampled second predicted signal.

In the encoder as described above, the first set of coefficients and/or the second set of coefficients may be defined adaptively per position of the predicted sample, respectively.

In the encoder as described above, the coefficients of the core matrix A may have a 6-bit precision such that 10-bit samples processing fits in 16-bit arithmetic.

In the encoder as described above, the second obtaining unit is configured to skip the step of upsampling for directional intra prediction.

The encoder as described above may further comprise a third obtaining unit configured to obtain two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; a deriving unit configured to derive the set of reference samples based on the two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; a fourth obtaining unit configured to obtain a set of MIP coefficients based on an intra prediction mode obtained from a bitstream, wherein an MIP coefficient C_(MIP) of the set of MIP coefficients may be obtained using the following equation C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·(q<<s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient; s is a left shift value; v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; a predicting unit configured to obtain a prediction block based on the set of reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients; wherein a reconstructed picture may be obtained based on the prediction block.

In the encoder as described above, the predicting unit may be configured to obtain the prediction block based on a matrix multiplication of the reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients, wherein the multiplication operation in matrix multiplication may be performed with reduced bit depth by repositioning shift operation after multiplication based on p·C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·((p·q)<<s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient; s is a left shift value; v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; p is a reference sample, p=bdry_(red) ^(top)[i] 0≤i<W; or p=bdry_(red) ^(left)[i], 0≤i<H.

In the encoder as described above, the magnitude of the MIP coefficient q may be a 6-bit depth value.

In the encoder as described above the left shift value may be a 2-bit depth value.

In the encoder as described above, multiplication may be performed by the means of the multiplier that used in intra-interpolation process of angular intra prediction.

The present disclosure further provides a decoder, comprising a preparing unit configured to prepare a set of reference samples; a first obtaining unit configured to, in case a first block is intra-predicted by directional intra prediction, obtain a first predicted signal of the first block of the first picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a first set of coefficients, and obtain a first reconstructed block of the first picture based on the first predicted signal; a second obtaining unit configured to, in case a second block of a second picture is intra-predicted by ALWIP, obtain a second predicted signal of the second block of the second picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a second set of coefficients, wherein the second set of coefficients comprises coefficients of a core matrix A of ALWIP, and the coefficients of the core matrix A and the first set of coefficients have same precision; upsampling the second predicted signal; and obtaining a second reconstructed block of the second picture based on the upsampled second predicted signal.

In the decoder as described above, the first set of coefficients and/or the second set of coefficients may be defined adaptively per position of the predicted sample, respectively.

In the decoder as described above, the coefficients of the core matrix A may have a 6-bit precision such that 10-bit samples processing fits in 16-bit arithmetic.

In the decoder as described above, the second obtaining unit (3005) may be configured to skip the step of upsampling for directional intra prediction.

The decoder as described above, may further comprise a third obtaining unit configured to obtain two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; a deriving unit configured to derive the set of reference samples based on the two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; a fourth obtaining unit configured obtaining a set of MIP coefficients based on an intra prediction mode obtained from a bitstream, wherein an MIP coefficient C_(MIP) of the set of MIP coefficients may be obtained using the following equation C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·(q<<s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient; s is a left shift value; v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; a predicting unit configured to obtain a prediction block based on the set of reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients; wherein a reconstructed picture may be obtained based on the prediction block.

In the decoder as described above, the predicting unit may be configured to obtain the prediction block based on a matrix multiplication of the reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients, wherein the multiplication operation in matrix multiplication is performed with reduced bit depth by repositioning shift operation after multiplication based on p·C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·(q·q)<<s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient; s is a left shift value; v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; p is a reference sample, p=bdry_(red) ^(top)[i] 0≤i<W; or p=bdry_(red) ^(left)[i], 0≤i<H.

In the decoder as described above, the magnitude of the MIP coefficient q may be a 6-bit depth value.

In the decoder as described above, the left shift value may be a 2-bit depth value.

In the decoder as described above, wherein multiplication is performed by the means of the multiplier that used in intra-interpolation process of angular intra prediction.

In the encoder and the decoder as described above, the first and second obtaining units may be the same.

It should be noticed, that MIP may be using a dedicated MPM signaling mechanism, as well as a redefined MPM list derivation mechanism, that may be enabled when intra_lwip_flag is 1.

The present disclosure reduces the number of checks in the parsing process by unifying the cases of signaling when intra_lwip_flag is 0 and when intra_lwip_flag is 1.

Based on a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method of unification of MIP M list construction and consequently, a new dependency between the number of signaled directional intra prediction modes and the size of the intra-predicted block.

Based on a second aspect, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus for decoding a video stream includes a processor and a memory. The memory is storing instructions that cause the processor to perform the method based on the first aspect.

Based on a third aspect, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus for encoding a video stream includes a processor and a memory. The memory is storing instructions that cause the processor to perform the method based on the second aspect.

Based on a fourth aspect, a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that when executed cause one or more processors configured to code video data is proposed. The instructions cause the one or more processors to perform a method based on the first or second aspect or any possible embodiment of the first or second aspect.

Based on a fifth aspect, the present disclosure relates to a computer program comprising program code for performing the method based on the first or second aspect or any possible embodiment of the first or second aspect when executed on a computer.

Details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following embodiments of the present disclosure are described in more detail with reference to the attached figures and drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a block diagram showing an example of a video coding system configured to implement embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1B is a block diagram showing another example of a video coding system configured to implement embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a video encoder configured to implement embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example structure of a video decoder configured to implement embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of an encoding apparatus or a decoding apparatus;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating another example of an encoding apparatus or a decoding apparatus;

FIG. 6 is a drawing showing angular intra prediction directions and the associated intra-prediction modes in Versatile Video Coding;

FIG. 7 is a simplified block diagram illustrating the method of matrix-based intra prediction (MIP) that is also referred to as affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP);

FIG. 8 is a detailed block diagram illustrating the method of matrix-based intra prediction (MIP) that is also referred to as affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP);

FIG. 9 shows MIP coefficients having a length of 10 bits including 9-bit magnitude and a sign (1 bit);

FIG. 10 shows 6-bit magnitudes of MIP coefficients that are extracted from a 9-bit magnitude subject to the position of a non-zero most significant bit (MSB);

FIG. 11 shows a representation of an MIP coefficient with a 6-bit magnitude;

FIG. 12 illustrates how to reuse multipliers for intra-prediction interpolation filtering by MIP;

FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of an embodiment of the present disclosure of a method of intra prediction, the method of the intra prediction being either a directional intra prediction method or an ALWIP method;

FIG. 14 illustrates an encoder according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 15 illustrates a decoder according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

In the following identical reference signs refer to identical or at least functionally equivalent features if not explicitly specified otherwise.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying figures, which form part of the disclosure, and which show, by way of illustration, aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure or aspects in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be used. It is understood that embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in other aspects and comprise structural or logical changes not depicted in the figures. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present disclosure is defined by the appended claims.

For instance, it is understood that a disclosure in connection with a described method may also hold true for a corresponding device or system configured to perform the method and vice versa. For example, if one or a plurality of method steps are described, a corresponding device may include one or a plurality of units, e.g. functional units, to perform the described one or plurality of method steps (e.g. one unit performing the one or plurality of steps, or a plurality of units each performing one or more of the plurality of steps), even if such one or more units are not explicitly described or illustrated in the figures. On the other hand, for example, if an apparatus is described based on one or a plurality of units, e.g. functional units, a corresponding method may include one step to perform the functionality of the one or plurality of units (e.g. one step performing the functionality of the one or plurality of units, or a plurality of steps each performing the functionality of one or more of the plurality of units), even if such one or plurality of steps are not explicitly described or illustrated in the figures. Further, it is understood that the features of the various exemplary embodiments and/or aspects described herein may be combined with each other, unless noted otherwise.

Video coding typically refers to the processing of a sequence of pictures, which form the video or video sequence. Instead of the term “picture” the term “frame” or “image” may be used as synonyms in the field of video coding. Video coding (or coding in general) comprises two parts video encoding and video decoding. Video encoding is performed at the source side, typically comprising processing (e.g. by compression) the original video pictures to reduce the amount of data required for representing the video pictures (for more efficient storage and/or transmission). Video decoding is performed at the destination side and typically comprises the inverse processing compared to the encoder to reconstruct the video pictures. Embodiments referring to “coding” of video pictures (or pictures in general) shall be understood to relate to “encoding” or “decoding” of video pictures or respective video sequences. The combination of the encoding part and the decoding part is also referred to as coding and decoding (CODEC).

In case of lossless video coding, the original video pictures can be reconstructed, i.e. the reconstructed video pictures have the same quality as the original video pictures (assuming no transmission loss or other data loss during storage or transmission). In case of lossy video coding, further compression, e.g. by quantization, is performed, to reduce the amount of data representing the video pictures, which cannot be completely reconstructed at the decoder, i.e. the quality of the reconstructed video pictures is lower or worse compared to the quality of the original video pictures.

Several video coding standards belong to the group of “lossy hybrid video codecs” (i.e. combine spatial and temporal prediction in the sample domain and two-dimensional (2D) transform coding for applying quantization in the transform domain). Each picture of a video sequence is typically partitioned into a set of non-overlapping blocks and the coding is typically performed on a block level. In other words, at the encoder the video is typically processed, i.e. encoded, on a block (video block) level, e.g. using spatial (intra picture) prediction and/or temporal (inter picture) prediction to generate a prediction block, subtracting the prediction block from the current block (block currently processed/to be processed) to obtain a residual block, transforming the residual block and quantizing the residual block in the transform domain to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted (compression), whereas at the decoder the inverse processing compared to the encoder is applied to the encoded or compressed block to reconstruct the current block for representation. Furthermore, the encoder duplicates the decoder processing loop such that both will generate identical predictions (e.g. intra- and inter predictions) and/or re-constructions for processing, i.e. coding, the subsequent blocks.

In the following embodiments of a video coding system 10, a video encoder 20 and a video decoder 30 are described based on FIGS. 1 to 3 .

FIG. 1A is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example coding system 10, e.g. a video coding system 10 (or short coding system 10) that may utilize techniques of this present application. Video encoder 20 (or short encoder 20) and video decoder 30 (or short decoder 30) of video coding system 10 represent examples of devices that may be configured to perform techniques in accordance with various examples described in the present application.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the coding system 10 comprises a source device 12 configured to provide encoded picture data 21 e.g. to a destination device 14 for decoding the encoded picture data 13.

The source device 12 comprises an encoder 20, and may additionally, i.e. optionally, comprise a picture source 16, a pre-processor (or pre-processing unit) 18, e.g. a picture pre-processor 18, and a communication interface or communication unit 22.

The picture source 16 may comprise or be any kind of picture capturing device, for example a camera for capturing a real-world picture, and/or any kind of a picture generating device, for example a computer-graphics processor for generating a computer animated picture, or any kind of other device for obtaining and/or providing a real-world picture, a computer generated picture (e.g. a screen content, a virtual reality (VR) picture) and/or any combination thereof (e.g. an augmented reality (AR) picture). The picture source may be any kind of memory or storage storing any of the aforementioned pictures.

In distinction to the pre-processor 18 and the processing performed by the pre-processing unit 18, the picture or picture data 17 may also be referred to as raw picture or raw picture data 17.

Pre-processor 18 is configured to receive the (raw) picture data 17 and to perform pre-processing on the picture data 17 to obtain a pre-processed picture 19 or pre-processed picture data 19. Pre-processing performed by the pre-processor 18 may, e.g., comprise trimming, color format conversion (e.g. from RGB to YCbCr), color correction, or de-noising. It can be understood that the pre-processing unit 18 may be optional component.

The video encoder 20 is configured to receive the pre-processed picture data 19 and provide encoded picture data 21 (further details will be described below, e.g., based on FIG. 2 ).

Communication interface 22 of the source device 12 may be configured to receive the encoded picture data 21 and to transmit the encoded picture data 21 (or any further processed version thereof) over communication channel 13 to another device, e.g. the destination device 14 or any other device, for storage or direct reconstruction.

The destination device 14 comprises a decoder 30 (e.g. a video decoder 30), and may additionally, i.e. optionally, comprise a communication interface or communication unit 28, a post-processor 32 (or post-processing unit 32) and a display device 34.

The communication interface 28 of the destination device 14 is configured receive the encoded picture data 21 (or any further processed version thereof), e.g. directly from the source device 12 or from any other source, e.g. a storage device, e.g. an encoded picture data storage device, and provide the encoded picture data 21 to the decoder 30.

The communication interface 22 and the communication interface 28 may be configured to transmit or receive the encoded picture data 21 or encoded data 13 via a direct communication link between the source device 12 and the destination device 14, e.g. a direct wired or wireless connection, or via any kind of network, e.g. a wired or wireless network or any combination thereof, or any kind of private and public network, or any kind of combination thereof.

The communication interface 22 may be configured to package the encoded picture data 21 into an appropriate format, e.g. packets, and/or process the encoded picture data using any kind of transmission encoding or processing for transmission over a communication link or communication network.

The communication interface 28, forming the counterpart of the communication interface 22, may be configured to receive the transmitted data and process the transmission data using any kind of corresponding transmission decoding or processing and/or de-packaging to obtain the encoded picture data 21.

Both, communication interface 22 and communication interface 28 may be configured as unidirectional communication interfaces as indicated by the arrow for the communication channel 13 in FIG. 1A pointing from the source device 12 to the destination device 14, or bi-directional communication interfaces, and may be configured, e.g. to send and receive messages, e.g. to set up a connection, to acknowledge and exchange any other information related to the communication link and/or data transmission, e.g. encoded picture data transmission.

The decoder 30 is configured to receive the encoded picture data 21 and provide decoded picture data 31 or a decoded picture 31 (further details will be described below, e.g., based on FIG. 3 or FIG. 5 ).

The post-processor 32 of destination device 14 is configured to post-process the decoded picture data 31 (also called reconstructed picture data), e.g. the decoded picture 31, to obtain post-processed picture data 33, e.g. a post-processed picture 33. The post-processing performed by the post-processing unit 32 may comprise, e.g. color format conversion (e.g. from YCbCr to RGB), color correction, trimming, or re-sampling, or any other processing, e.g. for preparing the decoded picture data 31 for display, e.g. by display device 34.

The display device 34 of the destination device 14 is configured to receive the post-processed picture data 33 for displaying the picture, e.g. to a user or viewer. The display device 34 may be or comprise any kind of display for representing the reconstructed picture, e.g. an integrated or external display or monitor. The displays may, e.g. comprise liquid crystal displays (LCD), organic light emitting diodes (OLED) displays, plasma displays, projectors, micro light emitting diode (LED) displays, liquid crystal on silicon (LcoS), digital light processor (DLP) or any kind of other display.

Although FIG. 1A depicts the source device 12 and the destination device 14 as separate devices, embodiments of devices may also comprise both or both functionalities, the source device 12 or corresponding functionality and the destination device 14 or corresponding functionality. In such embodiments the source device 12 or corresponding functionality and the destination device 14 or corresponding functionality may be implemented using the same hardware and/or software or by separate hardware and/or software or any combination thereof.

As will be apparent for the skilled person based on the description, the existence and (exact) split of functionalities of the different units or functionalities within the source device 12 and/or destination device 14 as shown in FIG. 1A may vary depending on the device and application.

The encoder 20 (e.g. a video encoder 20) or the decoder 30 (e.g. a video decoder 30) or both encoder 20 and decoder 30 may be implemented via processing circuitry as shown in FIG. 1B, such as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), discrete logic, hardware, video coding dedicated or any combinations thereof. The encoder 20 may be implemented via processing circuitry 46 to embody the various modules as discussed with respect to encoder 20 of FIG. 2 and/or any other encoder system or subsystem described herein. The decoder 30 may be implemented via processing circuitry 46 to embody the various modules as discussed with respect to decoder 30 of FIG. 3 and/or any other decoder system or subsystem described herein. The processing circuitry may be configured to perform the various operations as discussed later. As shown in FIG. 5 , if the techniques are implemented partially in software, a device may store instructions for the software in a suitable, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and may execute the instructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform the techniques of this disclosure. Either of video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may be integrated as part of a combined encoder/decoder (CODEC) in a single device, for example, as shown in FIG. 1B.

Source device 12 and destination device 14 may comprise any of a wide range of devices, including any kind of handheld or stationary devices, e.g. notebook or laptop computers, mobile phones, smart phones, tablets or tablet computers, cameras, desktop computers, set-top boxes, televisions, display devices, digital media players, video gaming consoles, video streaming devices (such as content services servers or content delivery servers), broadcast receiver device, broadcast transmitter device, or the like and may use no or any kind of operating system. In some cases, the source device 12 and the destination device 14 may be equipped for wireless communication. Thus, the source device 12 and the destination device 14 may be wireless communication devices.

In some cases, video coding system 10 illustrated in FIG. 1A is merely an example and the techniques of the present application may apply to video coding settings (e.g., video encoding or video decoding) that do not necessarily include any data communication between the encoding and decoding devices. In other examples, data is retrieved from a local memory, streamed over a network, or the like. A video encoding device may encode and store data to memory, and/or a video decoding device may retrieve and decode data from memory. In some examples, the encoding and decoding is performed by devices that do not communicate with one another, but simply encode data to memory and/or retrieve and decode data from memory.

For convenience of description, embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein, for example, by reference to High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) or to the reference software of Versatile Video coding (VVC), the next generation video coding standard developed by the Joint Collaboration Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG). One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to HEVC or VVC.

Encoder and Encoding Method

FIG. 2 shows a schematic block diagram of an example video encoder 20 that is configured to implement the techniques of the present application. In the example of FIG. 2 , the video encoder 20 comprises an input 201 (or input interface 201), a residual calculation unit 204, a transform processing unit 206, a quantization unit 208, an inverse quantization unit 210, and inverse transform processing unit 212, a reconstruction unit 214, a loop filter unit 220, a decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230, a mode selection unit 260, an entropy encoding unit 270 and an output 272 (or output interface 272). The mode selection unit 260 may include an inter prediction unit 244, an intra prediction unit 254 and a partitioning unit 262. Inter prediction unit 244 may include a motion estimation unit and a motion compensation unit (not shown). A video encoder 20 as shown in FIG. 2 may also be referred to as hybrid video encoder or a video encoder based on a hybrid video codec.

The residual calculation unit 204, the transform processing unit 206, the quantization unit 208, the mode selection unit 260 may be referred to as forming a forward signal path of the encoder 20, whereas the inverse quantization unit 210, the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 214, the buffer 216, the loop filter 220, the decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230, the inter prediction unit 244 and the intra-prediction unit 254 may be referred to as forming a backward signal path of the video encoder 20, wherein the backward signal path of the video encoder 20 corresponds to the signal path of the decoder (see video decoder 30 in FIG. 3 ). The inverse quantization unit 210, the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 214, the loop filter 220, the decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230, the inter prediction unit 244 and the intra-prediction unit 254 are also referred to forming the “built-in decoder” of video encoder 20.

Pictures & Picture Partitioning (Pictures & Blocks)

The encoder 20 may be configured to receive, e.g. via input 201, a picture 17 (or picture data 17), e.g. picture of a sequence of pictures forming a video or video sequence. The received picture or picture data may also be a pre-processed picture 19 (or pre-processed picture data 19). For sake of simplicity, the following description refers to the picture 17. The picture 17 may also be referred to as current picture or picture to be coded (in particular in video coding to distinguish the current picture from other pictures, e.g. previously encoded and/or decoded pictures of the same video sequence, i.e. the video sequence which also comprises the current picture).

A (digital) picture is or can be regarded as a two-dimensional array or matrix of samples with intensity values. A sample in the array may also be referred to as pixel (short form of picture element) or a pel. The number of samples in horizontal and vertical direction (or axis) of the array or picture define the size and/or resolution of the picture. For representation of color, typically three color components are employed, i.e. the picture may be represented or include three sample arrays. In RBG format or color space a picture comprises a corresponding red, green and blue sample array. However, in video coding each pixel is typically represented in a luminance and chrominance format or color space, e.g. YcbCr, which comprises a luminance component indicated by Y (sometimes also L is used instead) and two chrominance components indicated by Cb and Cr. The luminance (or short luma) component Y represents the brightness or grey level intensity (e.g. like in a grey-scale picture), while the two chrominance (or short chroma) components Cb and Cr represent the chromaticity or color information components. Accordingly, a picture in YcbCr format comprises a luminance sample array of luminance sample values (Y), and two chrominance sample arrays of chrominance values (Cb and Cr). Pictures in RGB format may be converted or transformed into YcbCr format and vice versa, the process is also known as color transformation or conversion. If a picture is monochrome, the picture may comprise only a luminance sample array. Accordingly, a picture may be, for example, an array of luma samples in monochrome format or an array of luma samples and two corresponding arrays of chroma samples in 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 colour format.

Embodiments of the video encoder 20 may comprise a picture partitioning unit (not depicted in FIG. 2 ) configured to partition the picture 17 into a plurality of (typically non-overlapping) picture blocks 203. These blocks may also be referred to as root blocks, macro blocks (H.264/AVC) or coding tree blocks (CTB) or coding tree units (CTU) (H.265/HEVC and VVC). The picture partitioning unit may be configured to use the same block size for all pictures of a video sequence and the corresponding grid defining the block size, or to change the block size between pictures or subsets or groups of pictures, and partition each picture into the corresponding blocks.

In further embodiments, the video encoder may be configured to receive directly a block 203 of the picture 17, e.g. one, several or all blocks forming the picture 17. The picture block 203 may also be referred to as current picture block or picture block to be coded.

Like the picture 17, the picture block 203 again is or can be regarded as a two-dimensional array or matrix of samples with intensity values (sample values), although of smaller dimension than the picture 17. In other words, the block 203 may comprise, e.g., one sample array (e.g. a luma array in case of a monochrome picture 17, or a luma or chroma array in case of a color picture) or three sample arrays (e.g. a luma and two chroma arrays in case of a color picture 17) or any other number and/or kind of arrays depending on the color format applied. The number of samples in horizontal and vertical direction (or axis) of the block 203 define the size of block 203. Accordingly, a block may, for example, an M×N (M-column by N-row) array of samples, or an M×N array of transform coefficients.

Embodiments of the video encoder 20 as shown in FIG. 2 may be configured to encode the picture 17 block by block, e.g. the encoding and prediction is performed per block 203.

Embodiments of the video encoder 20 as shown in FIG. 2 may be further configured to partition and/or encode the picture using slices (also referred to as video slices), wherein a picture may be partitioned into or encoded using one or more slices (typically non-overlapping), and each slice may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs).

Embodiments of the video encoder 20 as shown in FIG. 2 may be further configured to partition and/or encode the picture using tile groups (also referred to as video tile groups) and/or tiles (also referred to as video tiles), wherein a picture may be partitioned into or encoded using one or more tile groups (typically non-overlapping), and each tile group may comprise, e.g. one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) or one or more tiles, wherein each tile, e.g. may be of rectangular shape and may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs), e.g. complete or fractional blocks.

Residual Calculation

The residual calculation unit 204 may be configured to calculate a residual block 205 (also referred to as residual 205) based on the picture block 203 and a prediction block 265 (further details about the prediction block 265 are provided later), e.g. by subtracting sample values of the prediction block 265 from sample values of the picture block 203, sample by sample (pixel by pixel) to obtain the residual block 205 in the sample domain.

Transform

The transform processing unit 206 may be configured to apply a transform, e.g. a discrete cosine transform (DCT) or discrete sine transform (DST), on the sample values of the residual block 205 to obtain transform coefficients 207 in a transform domain. The transform coefficients 207 may also be referred to as transform residual coefficients and represent the residual block 205 in the transform domain.

The transform processing unit 206 may be configured to apply integer approximations of DCT/DST, such as the transforms specified for H.265/HEVC. Compared to an orthogonal DCT transform, such integer approximations are typically scaled by a certain factor. In order to preserve the norm of the residual block which is processed by forward and inverse transforms, additional scaling factors are applied as part of the transform process. The scaling factors are typically chosen based on certain constraints like scaling factors being a power of two for shift operations, bit depth of the transform coefficients, tradeoff between accuracy and implementation costs, etc. Specific scaling factors are, for example, specified for the inverse transform, e.g. by inverse transform processing unit 212 (and the corresponding inverse transform, e.g. by inverse transform processing unit 312 at video decoder 30) and corresponding scaling factors for the forward transform, e.g. by transform processing unit 206, at an encoder 20 may be specified accordingly.

Embodiments of the video encoder 20 (respectively transform processing unit 206) may be configured to output transform parameters, e.g. a type of transform or transforms, e.g. directly or encoded or compressed via the entropy encoding unit 270, such that, e.g., the video decoder 30 may receive and use the transform parameters for decoding.

Quantization

The quantization unit 208 may be configured to quantize the transform coefficients 207 to obtain quantized coefficients 209, e.g. by applying scalar quantization or vector quantization. The quantized coefficients 209 may also be referred to as quantized transform coefficients 209 or quantized residual coefficients 209.

The quantization process may reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the transform coefficients 207. For example, an n-bit transform coefficient may be rounded down to an m-bit Transform coefficient during quantization, where n is greater than m. The degree of quantization may be modified by adjusting a quantization parameter (QP). For example for scalar quantization, different scaling may be applied to achieve finer or coarser quantization. Smaller quantization step sizes correspond to finer quantization, whereas larger quantization step sizes correspond to coarser quantization. The applicable quantization step size may be indicated by a quantization parameter (QP). The quantization parameter may for example be an index to a predefined set of applicable quantization step sizes. For example, small quantization parameters may correspond to fine quantization (small quantization step sizes) and large quantization parameters may correspond to coarse quantization (large quantization step sizes) or vice versa. The quantization may include division by a quantization step size and a corresponding and/or the inverse dequantization, e.g. by inverse quantization unit 210, may include multiplication by the quantization step size. Embodiments based on some standards, e.g. HEVC, may be configured to use a quantization parameter to determine the quantization step size. Generally, the quantization step size may be calculated based on a quantization parameter using a fixed point approximation of an equation including division. Additional scaling factors may be introduced for quantization and dequantization to restore the norm of the residual block, which might get modified because of the scaling used in the fixed point approximation of the equation for quantization step size and quantization parameter. In one example implementation, the scaling of the inverse transform and dequantization might be combined. In an example, customized quantization tables may be used and signaled from an encoder to a decoder, e.g. in a bitstream. The quantization is a lossy operation, wherein the loss increases with increasing quantization step sizes.

Embodiments of the video encoder 20 (respectively quantization unit 208) may be configured to output quantization parameters (QP), e.g. directly or encoded via the entropy encoding unit 270, such that, e.g., the video decoder 30 may receive and apply the quantization parameters for decoding.

Inverse Quantization

The inverse quantization unit 210 is configured to apply the inverse quantization of the quantization unit 208 on the quantized coefficients to obtain dequantized coefficients 211, e.g. by applying the inverse of the quantization scheme applied by the quantization unit 208 based on or using the same quantization step size as the quantization unit 208. The dequantized coefficients 211 may also be referred to as dequantized residual coefficients 211 and correspond—although typically not identical to the transform coefficients due to the loss by quantization—to the transform coefficients 207.

Inverse Transform

The inverse transform processing unit 212 is configured to apply the inverse transform of the transform applied by the transform processing unit 206, e.g. an inverse discrete cosine transform (DCT) or inverse discrete sine transform (DST) or other inverse transforms, to obtain a reconstructed residual block 213 (or corresponding dequantized coefficients 213) in the sample domain. The reconstructed residual block 213 may also be referred to as transform block 213.

Reconstruction

The reconstruction unit 214 (e.g. adder or summer 214) is configured to add the transform block 213 (i.e. reconstructed residual block 213) to the prediction block 265 to obtain a reconstructed block 215 in the sample domain, e.g. by adding—sample by sample—the sample values of the reconstructed residual block 213 and the sample values of the prediction block 265.

Filtering

The loop filter unit 220 (or short “loop filter” 220), is configured to filter the reconstructed block 215 to obtain a filtered block 221, or in general, to filter reconstructed samples to obtain filtered samples. The loop filter unit is, e.g., configured to smooth pixel transitions, or otherwise improve the video quality. The loop filter unit 220 may comprise one or more loop filters such as a de-blocking filter, a sample-adaptive offset (SAO) filter or one or more other filters, e.g. a bilateral filter, an adaptive loop filter (ALF), a sharpening, a smoothing filters or a collaborative filters, or any combination thereof. Although the loop filter unit 220 is shown in FIG. 2 as being an in loop filter, in other configurations, the loop filter unit 220 may be implemented as a post loop filter. The filtered block 221 may also be referred to as filtered reconstructed block 221.

Embodiments of the video encoder 20 (respectively loop filter unit 220) may be configured to output loop filter parameters (such as sample adaptive offset information), e.g. directly or encoded via the entropy encoding unit 270, such that, e.g., a decoder 30 may receive and apply the same loop filter parameters or respective loop filters for decoding.

Decoded Picture Buffer

The decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230 may be a memory that stores reference pictures, or in general reference picture data, for encoding video data by video encoder 20. The DPB 230 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), including synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), resistive random access memory (RRAM), or other types of memory devices. The decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230 may be configured to store one or more filtered blocks 221. The decoded picture buffer 230 may be further configured to store other previously filtered blocks, e.g. previously reconstructed and filtered blocks 221, of the same current picture or of different pictures, e.g. previously reconstructed pictures, and may provide complete previously reconstructed, i.e. decoded, pictures (and corresponding reference blocks and samples) and/or a partially reconstructed current picture (and corresponding reference blocks and samples), for example for inter prediction. The decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230 may be also configured to store one or more unfiltered reconstructed blocks 215, or in general unfiltered reconstructed samples, e.g. if the reconstructed block 215 is not filtered by loop filter unit 220, or any other further processed version of the reconstructed blocks or samples.

Mode Selection (Partitioning & Prediction)

The mode selection unit 260 comprises partitioning unit 262, inter-prediction unit 244 and intra-prediction unit 254, and is configured to receive or obtain original picture data, e.g. an original block 203 (current block 203 of the current picture 17), and reconstructed picture data, e.g. filtered and/or unfiltered reconstructed samples or blocks of the same (current) picture and/or from one or a plurality of previously decoded pictures, e.g. from decoded picture buffer 230 or other buffers (e.g. line buffer, not shown). The reconstructed picture data is used as reference picture data for prediction, e.g. inter-prediction or intra-prediction, to obtain a prediction block 265 or predictor 265.

Mode selection unit 260 may be configured to determine or select a partitioning for a current block prediction mode (including no partitioning) and a prediction mode (e.g. an intra or inter prediction mode) and generate a corresponding prediction block 265, which is used for the calculation of the residual block 205 and for the reconstruction of the reconstructed block 215.

Embodiments of the mode selection unit 260 may be configured to select the partitioning and the prediction mode (e.g. from those supported by or available for mode selection unit 260), which provide the best match or in other words the minimum residual (minimum residual means better compression for transmission or storage), or a minimum signaling overhead (minimum signaling overhead means better compression for transmission or storage), or which considers or balances both. The mode selection unit 260 may be configured to determine the partitioning and prediction mode based on rate distortion optimization (RDO), i.e. select the prediction mode, which provides a minimum rate distortion. Terms like “best”, “minimum”, “optimum” etc. in this context do not necessarily refer to an overall “best”, “minimum”, “optimum”, etc. but may also refer to the fulfillment of a termination or selection criterion like a value exceeding or falling below a threshold or other constraints leading potentially to a “sub-optimum selection” but reducing complexity and processing time.

In other words, the partitioning unit 262 may be configured to partition the block 203 into smaller block partitions or sub-blocks (which form again blocks), e.g. iteratively using quad-tree-partitioning (QT), binary partitioning (BT) or triple-tree-partitioning (TT) or any combination thereof, and to perform, e.g., the prediction for each of the block partitions or sub-blocks, wherein the mode selection comprises the selection of the tree-structure of the partitioned block 203 and the prediction modes are applied to each of the block partitions or sub-blocks.

In the following the partitioning (e.g. by partitioning unit 260) and prediction processing (by inter-prediction unit 244 and intra-prediction unit 254) performed by an example video encoder 20 will be explained in more detail.

Partitioning

The partitioning unit 262 may partition (or split) a current block 203 into smaller partitions, e.g. smaller blocks of square or rectangular size. These smaller blocks (which may also be referred to as sub-blocks) may be further partitioned into even smaller partitions. This is also referred to tree-partitioning or hierarchical tree-partitioning, wherein a root block, e.g. at root tree-level 0 (hierarchy-level 0, depth 0), may be recursively partitioned, e.g. partitioned into two or more blocks of a next lower tree-level, e.g. nodes at tree-level 1 (hierarchy-level 1, depth 1), wherein these blocks may be again partitioned into two or more blocks of a next lower level, e.g. tree-level 2 (hierarchy-level 2, depth 2), etc. until the partitioning is terminated, e.g. because a termination criterion is fulfilled, e.g. a maximum tree depth or minimum block size is reached. Blocks, which are not further partitioned, are also referred to as leaf-blocks or leaf nodes of the tree. A tree using partitioning into two partitions is referred to as binary-tree (BT), a tree using partitioning into three partitions is referred to as ternary-tree (TT), and a tree using partitioning into four partitions is referred to as quad-tree (QT).

As mentioned before, the term “block” as used herein may be a portion, in particular a square or rectangular portion, of a picture. With reference, for example, to HEVC and VVC, the block may be or correspond to a coding tree unit (CTU), a coding unit (CU), prediction unit (PU), and transform unit (TU) and/or to the corresponding blocks, e.g. a coding tree block (CTB), a coding block (CB), a transform block (TB) or prediction block (PB).

For example, a coding tree unit (CTU) may be or comprise a CTB of luma samples, two corresponding CTBs of chroma samples of a picture that has three sample arrays, or a CTB of samples of a monochrome picture or a picture that is coded using three separate colour planes and syntax structures used to code the samples. Correspondingly, a coding tree block (CTB) may be an N×N block of samples for some value of N such that the division of a component into CTBs is a partitioning. A coding unit (CU) may be or comprise a coding block of luma samples, two corresponding coding blocks of chroma samples of a picture that has three sample arrays, or a coding block of samples of a monochrome picture or a picture that is coded using three separate colour planes and syntax structures used to code the samples. Correspondingly, a coding block (CB) may be an M×N block of samples for some values of M and N such that the division of a CTB into coding blocks is a partitioning.

In embodiments, e.g., based on HEVC, a coding tree unit (CTU) may be split into Cus using a quad-tree structure denoted as coding tree. The decision whether to code a picture area using inter-picture (temporal) or intra-picture (spatial) prediction is made at the CU level. Each CU can be further split into one, two or four Pus based on the PU splitting type. Inside one PU, the same prediction process is applied and the relevant information is transmitted to the decoder on a PU basis. After obtaining the residual block by applying the prediction process based on the PU splitting type, a CU can be partitioned into transform units (Tus) based on another quadtree structure similar to the coding tree for the CU.

In embodiments, e.g., based on the latest video coding standard currently in development, which is referred to as Versatile Video Coding (VVC), a combined Quad-tree and binary tree (QTBT) partitioning is for example used to partition a coding block. In the QTBT block structure, a CU can have either a square or a rectangular shape. For example, a coding tree unit (CTU) is first partitioned by a quadtree structure. The quadtree leaf nodes are further partitioned by a binary tree or ternary (or triple) tree structure. The partitioning tree leaf nodes are called coding units (Cus), and that segmentation is used for prediction and transform processing without any further partitioning. This means that the CU, PU and TU have the same block size in the QTBT coding block structure. In parallel, multiple partition, for example, triple tree partition may be used together with the QTBT block structure.

In one example, the mode selection unit 260 of video encoder 20 may be configured to perform any combination of the partitioning techniques described herein.

As described above, the video encoder 20 is configured to determine or select the best or an optimum prediction mode from a set of (e.g. pre-determined) prediction modes. The set of prediction modes may comprise, e.g., intra-prediction modes and/or inter-prediction modes.

Intra-Prediction

The set of intra-prediction modes may comprise 35 different intra-prediction modes, e.g. non-directional modes like DC (or mean) mode and planar mode, or directional modes, e.g. as defined in HEVC, or may comprise 67 different intra-prediction modes, e.g. non-directional modes like DC (or mean) mode and planar mode, or directional modes, e.g. as defined for VVC.

The intra-prediction unit 254 is configured to use reconstructed samples of neighboring blocks of the same current picture to generate an intra-prediction block 265 based on an intra-prediction mode of the set of intra-prediction modes.

The intra prediction unit 254 (or in general the mode selection unit 260) is further configured to output intra-prediction parameters (or in general information indicative of the selected intra prediction mode for the block) to the entropy encoding unit 270 in form of syntax elements 266 for inclusion into the encoded picture data 21 such that, e.g., the video decoder 30 may receive and use the prediction parameters for decoding.

Inter-Prediction

The set of (or possible) inter-prediction modes depends on the available reference pictures (i.e. previous at least partially decoded pictures, e.g. stored in DBP 230) and other inter-prediction parameters, e.g. whether the whole reference picture or only a part, e.g. a search window area around the area of the current block, of the reference picture is used for searching for a best matching reference block, and/or e.g. whether pixel interpolation is applied, e.g. half/semi-pel and/or quarter-pel interpolation, or not.

Additional to the above prediction modes, skip mode and/or direct mode may be applied.

The inter prediction unit 244 may include a motion estimation (ME) unit and a motion compensation (MC) unit (both not shown in FIG. 2 ). The motion estimation unit may be configured to receive or obtain the picture block 203 (current picture block 203 of the current picture 17) and a decoded picture 231, or at least one or a plurality of previously reconstructed blocks, e.g. reconstructed blocks of one or a plurality of other/different previously decoded pictures 231, for motion estimation. E.g. a video sequence may comprise the current picture and the previously decoded pictures 231, or in other words, the current picture and the previously decoded pictures 231 may be part of or form a sequence of pictures forming a video sequence.

The encoder 20 may, e.g., be configured to select a reference block from a plurality of reference blocks of the same or different pictures of the plurality of other pictures and provide a reference picture (or reference picture index) and/or an offset (spatial offset) between the position (x, y coordinates) of the reference block and the position of the current block as inter prediction parameters to the motion estimation unit. This offset is also called motion vector (MV).

The motion compensation unit is configured to obtain, e.g. receive, an inter prediction parameter and to perform inter prediction based on or using the inter prediction parameter to obtain an inter prediction block 265. Motion compensation, performed by the motion compensation unit, may involve fetching or generating the prediction block based on the motion/block vector determined by motion estimation, possibly performing interpolations to sub-pixel precision. Interpolation filtering may generate additional pixel samples from known pixel samples, thus potentially increasing the number of candidate prediction blocks that may be used to code a picture block. Upon receiving the motion vector for the PU of the current picture block, the motion compensation unit may locate the prediction block to which the motion vector points in one of the reference picture lists.

The motion compensation unit may also generate syntax elements associated with the blocks and video slices for use by video decoder 30 in decoding the picture blocks of the video slice. In addition or as an alternative to slices and respective syntax elements, tile groups and/or tiles and respective syntax elements may be generated or used.

Entropy Coding

The entropy encoding unit 270 is configured to apply, for example, an entropy encoding algorithm or scheme (e.g. a variable length coding (VLC) scheme, an context adaptive VLC scheme (CAVLC), an arithmetic coding scheme, a binarization, a context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), syntax-based context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (SBAC), probability interval partitioning entropy (PIPE) coding or another entropy encoding methodology or technique) or bypass (no compression) on the quantized coefficients 209, inter prediction parameters, intra prediction parameters, loop filter parameters and/or other syntax elements to obtain encoded picture data 21 which can be output via the output 272, e.g. in the form of an encoded bitstream 21 such that, e.g., the video decoder 30 may receive and use the parameters for decoding. The encoded bitstream 21 may be transmitted to video decoder 30, or stored in a memory for later transmission or retrieval by video decoder 30.

Other structural variations of the video encoder 20 can be used to encode the video stream. For example, a non-transform based encoder 20 can quantize the residual signal directly without the transform processing unit 206 for certain blocks or frames. In another implementation, an encoder 20 can have the quantization unit 208 and the inverse quantization unit 210 combined into a single unit.

Decoder and Decoding Method

FIG. 3 shows an example of a video decoder 30 that is configured to implement the techniques of this present application. The video decoder 30 is configured to receive encoded picture data 21 (e.g. encoded bitstream 21), e.g. encoded by encoder 20, to obtain a decoded picture 331. The encoded picture data or bitstream comprises information for decoding the encoded picture data, e.g. data that represents picture blocks of an encoded video slice (and/or tile groups or tiles) and associated syntax elements.

In the example of FIG. 3 , the decoder 30 comprises an entropy decoding unit 304, an inverse quantization unit 310, an inverse transform processing unit 312, a reconstruction unit 314 (e.g. a summer 314), a loop filter 320, a decoded picture buffer (DBP) 330, a mode application unit 360, an inter prediction unit 344 and an intra prediction unit 354. Inter prediction unit 344 may be or include a motion compensation unit. Video decoder 30 may, in some examples, perform a decoding pass generally reciprocal to the encoding pass described with respect to video encoder 100 from FIG. 2 .

As explained with regard to the encoder 20, the inverse quantization unit 210, the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 214 the loop filter 220, the decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230, the inter prediction unit 344 and the intra prediction unit 354 are also referred to as forming the “built-in decoder” of video encoder 20. Accordingly, the inverse quantization unit 310 may be identical in function to the inverse quantization unit 110, the inverse transform processing unit 312 may be identical in function to the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 314 may be identical in function to reconstruction unit 214, the loop filter 320 may be identical in function to the loop filter 220, and the decoded picture buffer 330 may be identical in function to the decoded picture buffer 230. Therefore, the explanations provided for the respective units and functions of the video 20 encoder apply correspondingly to the respective units and functions of the video decoder 30.

Entropy Decoding

The entropy decoding unit 304 is configured to parse the bitstream 21 (or in general encoded picture data 21) and perform, for example, entropy decoding to the encoded picture data 21 to obtain, e.g., quantized coefficients 309 and/or decoded coding parameters (not shown in FIG. 3 ), e.g. any or all of inter prediction parameters (e.g. reference picture index and motion vector), intra prediction parameter (e.g. intra prediction mode or index), transform parameters, quantization parameters, loop filter parameters, and/or other syntax elements. Entropy decoding unit 304 maybe configured to apply the decoding algorithms or schemes corresponding to the encoding schemes as described with regard to the entropy encoding unit 270 of the encoder 20. Entropy decoding unit 304 may be further configured to provide inter prediction parameters, intra prediction parameter and/or other syntax elements to the mode application unit 360 and other parameters to other units of the decoder 30. Video decoder 30 may receive the syntax elements at the video slice level and/or the video block level. In addition or as an alternative to slices and respective syntax elements, tile groups and/or tiles and respective syntax elements may be received and/or used.

Inverse Quantization

The inverse quantization unit 310 may be configured to receive quantization parameters (QP) (or in general information related to the inverse quantization) and quantized coefficients from the encoded picture data 21 (e.g. by parsing and/or decoding, e.g. by entropy decoding unit 304) and to apply based on the quantization parameters an inverse quantization on the decoded quantized coefficients 309 to obtain dequantized coefficients 311, which may also be referred to as transform coefficients 311. The inverse quantization process may include use of a quantization parameter determined by video encoder 20 for each video block in the video slice (or tile or tile group) to determine a degree of quantization and, likewise, a degree of inverse quantization that should be applied.

Inverse Transform

Inverse transform processing unit 312 may be configured to receive dequantized coefficients 311, also referred to as transform coefficients 311, and to apply a transform to the dequantized coefficients 311 in order to obtain reconstructed residual blocks 213 in the sample domain. The reconstructed residual blocks 213 may also be referred to as transform blocks 313. The transform may be an inverse transform, e.g., an inverse DCT, an inverse DST, an inverse integer transform, or a conceptually similar inverse transform process. The inverse transform processing unit 312 may be further configured to receive transform parameters or corresponding information from the encoded picture data 21 (e.g. by parsing and/or decoding, e.g. by entropy decoding unit 304) to determine the transform to be applied to the dequantized coefficients 311.

Reconstruction

The reconstruction unit 314 (e.g. adder or summer 314) may be configured to add the reconstructed residual block 313, to the prediction block 365 to obtain a reconstructed block 315 in the sample domain, e.g. by adding the sample values of the reconstructed residual block 313 and the sample values of the prediction block 365.

Filtering

The loop filter unit 320 (either in the coding loop or after the coding loop) is configured to filter the reconstructed block 315 to obtain a filtered block 321, e.g. to smooth pixel transitions, or otherwise improve the video quality. The loop filter unit 320 may comprise one or more loop filters such as a de-blocking filter, a sample-adaptive offset (SAO) filter or one or more other filters, e.g. a bilateral filter, an adaptive loop filter (ALF), a sharpening, a smoothing filters or a collaborative filters, or any combination thereof. Although the loop filter unit 320 is shown in FIG. 3 as being an in loop filter, in other configurations, the loop filter unit 320 may be implemented as a post loop filter.

Decoded Picture Buffer

The decoded video blocks 321 of a picture are then stored in decoded picture buffer 330, which stores the decoded pictures 331 as reference pictures for subsequent motion compensation for other pictures and/or for output respectively display.

The decoder 30 is configured to output the decoded picture 311, e.g. via output 312, for presentation or viewing to a user.

Prediction

The inter prediction unit 344 may be identical to the inter prediction unit 244 (in particular to the motion compensation unit) and the intra prediction unit 354 may be identical to the inter prediction unit 254 in function, and performs split or partitioning decisions and prediction based on the partitioning and/or prediction parameters or respective information received from the encoded picture data 21 (e.g. by parsing and/or decoding, e.g. by entropy decoding unit 304). Mode application unit 360 may be configured to perform the prediction (intra or inter prediction) per block based on reconstructed pictures, blocks or respective samples (filtered or unfiltered) to obtain the prediction block 365.

When the video slice is coded as an intra coded (I) slice, intra prediction unit 354 of mode application unit 360 is configured to generate prediction block 365 for a picture block of the current video slice based on a signaled intra prediction mode and data from previously decoded blocks of the current picture. When the video picture is coded as an inter coded (i.e., B, or P) slice, inter prediction unit 344 (e.g. motion compensation unit) of mode application unit 360 is configured to produce prediction blocks 365 for a video block of the current video slice based on the motion vectors and other syntax elements received from entropy decoding unit 304. For inter prediction, the prediction blocks may be produced from one of the reference pictures within one of the reference picture lists. Video decoder 30 may construct the reference frame lists, List 0 and List 1, using default construction techniques based on reference pictures stored in DPB 330. The same or similar may be applied for or by embodiments using tile groups (e.g. video tile groups) and/or tiles (e.g. video tiles) in addition or in an example, to slices (e.g. video slices), e.g. a video may be coded using I, P or B tile groups and/or tiles.

Mode application unit 360 is configured to determine the prediction information for a video block of the current video slice by parsing the motion vectors or related information and other syntax elements, and uses the prediction information to produce the prediction blocks for the current video block being decoded. For example, the mode application unit 360 uses some of the received syntax elements to determine a prediction mode (e.g., intra or inter prediction) used to code the video blocks of the video slice, an inter prediction slice type (e.g., B slice, P slice, or GPB slice), construction information for one or more of the reference picture lists for the slice, motion vectors for each inter encoded video block of the slice, inter prediction status for each inter coded video block of the slice, and other information to decode the video blocks in the current video slice. The same or similar may be applied for or by embodiments using tile groups (e.g. video tile groups) and/or tiles (e.g. video tiles) in addition or in an example to slices (e.g. video slices), e.g. a video may be coded using I, P or B tile groups and/or tiles.

Embodiments of the video decoder 30 as shown in FIG. 3 may be configured to partition and/or decode the picture using slices (also referred to as video slices), wherein a picture may be partitioned into or decoded using one or more slices (typically non-overlapping), and each slice may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs).

Embodiments of the video decoder 30 as shown in FIG. 3 may be configured to partition and/or decode the picture using tile groups (also referred to as video tile groups) and/or tiles (also referred to as video tiles), wherein a picture may be partitioned into or decoded using one or more tile groups (typically non-overlapping), and each tile group may comprise, e.g. one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) or one or more tiles, wherein each tile, e.g. may be of rectangular shape and may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs), e.g. complete or fractional blocks.

Other variations of the video decoder 30 can be used to decode the encoded picture data 21. For example, the decoder 30 can produce the output video stream without the loop filtering unit 320. For example, a non-transform based decoder 30 can inverse-quantize the residual signal directly without the inverse-transform processing unit 312 for certain blocks or frames. In another implementation, the video decoder 30 can have the inverse-quantization unit 310 and the inverse-transform processing unit 312 combined into a single unit.

It should be understood that, in the encoder 20 and the decoder 30, a processing result of a current step may be further processed and then output to the next step. For example, after interpolation filtering, motion vector derivation or loop filtering, a further operation, such as Clip or shift, may be performed on the processing result of the interpolation filtering, motion vector derivation or loop filtering.

It should be noted that further operations may be applied to the derived motion vectors of current block (including but not limit to control point motion vectors of affine mode, sub-block motion vectors in affine, planar, ATMVP modes, temporal motion vectors, and so on). For example, the value of motion vector is constrained to a predefined range based on its representing bit. If the representing bit of motion vector is bitDepth, then the range is −2{circumflex over ( )}(bitDepth−1)˜2{circumflex over ( )}(bitDepth−1)−1, where “{circumflex over ( )}” means exponentiation. For example, if bitDepth is set equal to 16, the range is −32768˜32767; if bitDepth is set equal to 18, the range is −13107˜131071. For example, the value of the derived motion vector (e.g. the MVs of four 4×4 sub-blocks within one 8×8 block) is constrained such that the max difference between integer parts of the four 4×4 sub-block MVs is no more than N pixels, such as no more than 1 pixel. Here provides two methods for constraining the motion vector based on the bitDepth.

Method 1: remove the overflow MSB (most significant bit) by flowing operations

$\begin{matrix} {{ux} = {\left( {{mvx} + {2{bitDepth}}} \right){\% 2}{bitDepth}}} & (1) \\ {{mvx} = {{\left( {{{ux} >} = {{2bitDepth} - 1}} \right)?}\left( {{ux} - {2{bitDepth}\text{):}\mspace{14mu}{ux}}} \right.}} & (2) \\ {{uy} = {\left( {{mvy} + {2{bitDepth}}} \right){\% 2}{bitDepth}}} & (3) \\ {{mvy} = {\left( {{{uy} >} = {{2bitDepth} - 1}} \right)\left( {{uy} - {2{bitDepth}\text{):}\mspace{14mu}{uy}}} \right.}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

where mvx is a horizontal component of a motion vector of an image block or a sub-block, mvy is a vertical component of a motion vector of an image block or a sub-block, and ux and uy indicates an intermediate value;

For example, if the value of mvx is −32769, after applying formula (1) and (2), the resulting value is 32767. In computer system, decimal numbers are stored as two's complement. The two's complement of −32769 is 1,0111,1111,1111,1111 (17 bits), then the MSB is discarded, so the resulting two's complement is 0111,1111,1111,1111 (decimal number is 32767), which is same as the output by applying formula (1) and (2). ux=(mvpx+mvdx+2bitDepth)%2bitDepth  (5) mvx=(ux>=2bitDepth−1)?(ux−2bitdepth):ux  (6) uy=(mvpy+mvdy+2bitDepth)%2bitDepth  (7) mvy=(uy>=2bitDepth−1)?(uy−2bitDepth):uy  (8) The operations may be applied during the sum of mvp and mvd, as shown in formula (5) to (8).

Method 2: remove the overflow MSB by clipping the value. vx=Clip3(−2bitDepth−1,2bitDepth−1−1,vx) vy=Clip3(−2bitDepth−1,2bitDepth−1−1,vy)

vx is a horizontal component of a motion vector of an image block or a sub-block, vy is a vertical component of a motion vector of an image block or a sub-block; x, y and z respectively correspond to three input value of the MV clipping process, and the definition of function Clip3 is as follows:

${{{Clip}3}\left( {x,y,z} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {x;} & {z < x} \\ {y;} & {z > y} \\ {z;} & {otherwise} \end{matrix} \right.$

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a video coding device 400 based on an embodiment of the disclosure. The video coding device 400 is suitable for implementing the disclosed embodiments as described herein. In an embodiment, the video coding device 400 may be a decoder such as video decoder 30 of FIG. 1A or an encoder such as video encoder 20 of FIG. 1A.

The video coding device 400 comprises ingress ports 410 (or input ports 410) and receiver units (Rx) 420 for receiving data; a processor, logic unit, or central processing unit (CPU) 430 to process the data; transmitter units (Tx) 440 and egress ports 450 (or output ports 450) for transmitting the data; and a memory 460 for storing the data. The video coding device 400 may also comprise optical-to-electrical (OE) components and electrical-to-optical (EO) components coupled to the ingress ports 410, the receiver units 420, the transmitter units 440, and the egress ports 450 for egress or ingress of optical or electrical signals.

The processor 430 is implemented by hardware and software. The processor 430 may be implemented as one or more CPU chips, cores (e.g., as a multi-core processor), FPGAs, ASICs, and DSPs. The processor 430 is in communication with the ingress ports 410, receiver units 420, transmitter units 440, egress ports 450, and memory 460. The processor 430 comprises a coding module 470. The coding module 470 implements the disclosed embodiments described above. For instance, the coding module 470 implements, processes, prepares, or provides the various coding operations. The inclusion of the coding module 470 therefore provides a substantial improvement to the functionality of the video coding device 400 and effects a transformation of the video coding device 400 to a different state. In an example, the coding module 470 is implemented as instructions stored in the memory 460 and executed by the processor 430.

The memory 460 may comprise one or more disks, tape drives, and solid-state drives and may be used as an over-flow data storage device, to store programs when such programs are selected for execution, and to store instructions and data that are read during program execution. The memory 460 may be, for example, volatile and/or non-volatile and may be a read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM), and/or static random-access memory (SRAM).

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram of an apparatus 500 that may be used as either or both of the source device 12 and the destination device 14 from FIG. 1 based on an exemplary embodiment.

A processor 502 in the apparatus 500 can be a central processing unit. In an example, the processor 502 can be any other type of device, or multiple devices, capable of manipulating or processing information now-existing or hereafter developed. Although the disclosed implementations can be practiced with a single processor as shown, e.g., the processor 502, advantages in speed and efficiency can be achieved using more than one processor.

A memory 504 in the apparatus 500 can be a read only memory (ROM) device or a random access memory (RAM) device in an implementation. Any other suitable type of storage device can be used as the memory 504. The memory 504 can include code and data 506 that is accessed by the processor 502 using a bus 512. The memory 504 can further include an operating system 508 and application programs 510, the application programs 510 including at least one program that permits the processor 502 to perform the methods described here. For example, the application programs 510 can include applications 1 through N, which further include a video coding application that performs the methods described here.

The apparatus 500 can also include one or more output devices, such as a display 518. The display 518 may be, in one example, a touch sensitive display that combines a display with a touch sensitive element that is operable to sense touch inputs. The display 518 can be coupled to the processor 502 via the bus 512.

Although depicted here as a single bus, the bus 512 of the apparatus 500 can be composed of multiple buses. Further, the secondary storage 514 can be directly coupled to the other components of the apparatus 500 or can be accessed via a network and can comprise a single integrated unit such as a memory card or multiple units such as multiple memory cards. The apparatus 500 can thus be implemented in a wide variety of configurations.

Directional intra prediction is a well-known technique that consists in propagating the values of the neighboring samples into the predicted block as specified by the prediction direction. FIG. 6 illustrates the 93 prediction directions, where the dashed directions are associated with the wide-angle modes that are only applied to non-square blocks. FIG. 6 is a drawing showing angular intra prediction directions and the associated intra-prediction modes in Versatile Video Coding Test Model 4 (VTM4) and Versatile Video Coding (VVC) specification draft v. 4;

Direction could be specified by the increase of an offset between position of predicted and reference sample. The larger magnitude of this increase corresponds to a greater skew of the prediction direction. Table 1 specifies the mapping table between predModeIntra and the angle parameter intraPredAngle. This parameter is in fact the increase of this offset per row (or per column) specified in the 1/32 sample resolution.

TABLE 1 Specification of intraPredAngle predModeIntra −14 −13 −12 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4 intraPredAngle 512 341 256 171 128 102 86 73 64 57 51 45 39 35 32 29 26 predModeIntra 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 intraPredAngle 23 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3 predModeIntra 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 intraPredAngle −4 −6 −8 −10 −12 −14 −16 −18 −20 −23 −26 −29 −32 −29 −26 −23 −20 predModeIntra 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 intraPredAngle −18 −16 −14 −12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 6 predModeIntra 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 intraPredAngle 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 23 26 29 32 35 39 45 51 57 64 predModeIntra 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 intraPredAngle 73 86 102 128 171 256 341 512

Wide-angle modes could be identified by the absolute value of intraPredAngle greater than 32 (1 sample), that corresponds to the slope of prediction direction greater than 45 degrees.

Predicted samples (“predSamples”) could be obtained from the neighbouring samples “p” as described below:

The values of the prediction samples predSamples[x][y], with x=0 . . . nTbW−1, y=0 . . . nTbH−1 are derived as follows:

If predModeIntra is greater than or equal to 34, the following ordered steps apply:

-   -   1. The reference sample array ref[x] is specified as follows:         -   The following applies:             -   ref[x]=p[−1−refIdx+x][−1−refIdx], with x=0 . . .                 nTbW+refIdx         -   If intraPredAngle is less than 0, the main reference sample             array is extended as follows:             -   When (nTbH*intraPredAngle)>>5 is less than −1,                 -   ref[x]=p[−1−refIdx][−1−refIdx+((x*invAngle+128)>>8)],                 -    with x=−1 . . . (nTbH*intraPredAngle)>>5                 -   ref[((nTbH*intraPredAngle)>>5)−1]                 -   ref[(nTbH*intraPredAngle)>>5]                 -   ref[nTbW+1+refIdx]=ref[nTbW+refIdx]         -   Otherwise,             -   ref[x]=p[−1−refIdx+x][−1−refIdx], with nTbW+1+refIdx . .                 . refW+refIdx             -   ref[−1]=ref[0]         -   The additional samples ref[refW+refIdx+x] with x=1 . . .             (Max(1, nTbW/nTbH)*refIdx+1) are derived as follows:             -   ref[refW+refIdx+x]=p[−1+refW][−1−refIdx]     -   2. The values of the prediction samples predSamples[x][y], with         x=0 . . . nTbW−1, y=0 . . . nTbH−1 are derived as follows:         -   The index variable iIdx and the multiplication factor iFact             are derived as follows:             -   iIdx=((y+1+refIdx)*intraPredAngle)>>5+refIdx             -   iFact=((y+1+refIdx)*intraPredAngle) & 31         -   If cIdx is equal to 0, the following applies:             -   The interpolation filter coefficients fT[j] with j=0 . .                 . 3 are derived as follows:                 -   fT[j]=filterFlag? fG[iFact][j]: fC[iFact][j]             -   The value of the prediction samples predSamples[x][y] is                 derived as follows:                 -   predSamples[x][y]=Clip1Y(((Σ_(i=0) ³fT[i]*ref[                     x+iIdx+i])+32)>>6)         -   Otherwise (cIdx is not equal to 0), depending on the value             of iFact, the following applies:             -   If iFact is not equal to 0, the value of the prediction                 samples predSamples[x][y] is derived as follows:                 -   predSamples[x][y]=((32−iFact)*ref[x+iIdx+1]+iFact*ref[x+iIdx+2]+16)>>5             -   Otherwise, the value of the prediction samples                 predSamples[x][y] is derived as follows:                 -   predSamples[x][y]=ref[x+iIdx+1]

Otherwise (predModeIntra is less than 34), the following ordered steps apply:

-   -   1. The reference sample array ref[x] is specified as follows:         -   The following applies:             -   ref[x]=p[−1−refIdx][−1−refIdx+x], with x=0 . . .                 nTbH+refIdx         -   If intraPredAngle is less than 0, the main reference sample             array is extended as follows:             -   When (nTbW*intraPredAngle)>>5 is less than −1,                 -   ref[x]=p[−1−refIdx+((x*invAngle+128)>>8)][−1−refIdx],                     with x=−1 . . . (nTbW*intraPredAngle)>>5                 -   ref[((nTbW*intraPredAngle)>>5)−1]=                 -   ref[(nTbW*intraPredAngle)>>5](8−145)                 -   ref[nTbG+1+refIdx]=ref[nTbH+refIdx]         -   Otherwise,             -   ref[x]=p[−1−refIdx][−1−refIdx+x], with x=nTbH+1+refIdx .                 . . refH+refIdx             -   ref[−1]=ref[0]         -   The additional samples ref[refH+refIdx+x] with x=1 . . .             (Max(1, nTbW/nTbH)*refIdx+1) are derived as follows:             -   ref[refH+refIdx+x]=p[−1+refH][−1−refIdx]     -   2. The values of the prediction samples predSamples[x][y], with         x=0 . . . nTbW−1, y=0 . . . nTbH−1 are derived as follows:         -   The index variable iIdx and the multiplication factor iFact             are derived as follows:             -   iIdx=((x+1+refIdx)*intraPredAngle)>>5             -   iFact=((x+1+refIdx)*intraPredAngle) & 31         -   If cIdx is equal to 0, the following applies:             -   The interpolation filter coefficients fT[j] with j=0 . .                 . 3 are derived as follows: fT[j]=filterFlag?                 fG[iFact][j]: fC[iFact][j]             -   The value of the prediction samples predSamples[x][y] is                 derived as follows: predSamples[x][y]=Clip1Y(((Σ_(i=0)                 ³fT[i]*ref[y+iIdx+i])+32)>>6)         -   Otherwise (cIdx is not equal to 0), depending on the value             of iFact, the following applies:             -   If iFact is not equal to 0, the value of the prediction                 samples predSamples[x][y] is derived as follows:                 -   predSamples[x][y]=((32−iFact)*ref[y+iIdx+1]+iFact*ref[y+iIdx+2]+16)>>5     -   Otherwise, the value of the prediction samples predSamples[x][y]         is derived as follows:     -   predSamples[x][y]=ref[y+iIdx+1]

The interpolation filter coefficients fC[phase][j] and fG[phase][j] with phase=0 . . . 31 and j=0 . . . 3 used in directional prediction are specified in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Specification of interpolation filter coefficients fC and fG Fractional sample fC interpolation filter coefficients fG interpolation filter coefficients position p f_(C)[p][0] f_(C)[p][1] f_(C)[p][2] f_(C)[p][3] fG[p][0] fG[p][1] fG[p][2] fG[p][3] 0 0 64 0 0 16 32 16 0 1 −1 63 2 0 15 29 17 3 2 −2 62 4 0 15 29 17 3 3 −2 60 7 −1 14 29 18 3 4 −2 58 10 −2 13 29 18 4 5 −3 57 12 −2 13 28 19 4 6 −4 56 14 −2 13 28 19 4 7 −4 55 15 −2 12 28 20 4 8 −4 54 16 −2 11 28 20 5 9 −5 53 18 −2 11 27 21 5 10 −6 52 20 −2 10 27 22 5 11 −6 49 24 −3 9 27 22 6 12 −6 46 28 −4 9 26 23 6 13 −5 44 29 −4 9 26 23 6 14 −4 42 30 −4 8 25 24 7 15 −4 39 33 −4 8 25 24 7 16 −4 36 36 −4 8 24 24 8 17 −4 33 39 −4 7 24 25 8 18 −4 30 42 −4 7 24 25 8 19 −4 29 44 −5 6 23 26 9 20 −4 28 46 −6 6 23 26 9 21 −3 24 49 −6 6 22 27 9 22 −2 20 52 −6 5 22 27 10 23 −2 18 53 −5 5 21 27 11 24 −2 16 54 −4 5 20 28 11 25 −2 15 55 −4 4 20 28 12 26 −2 14 56 −4 4 19 28 13 27 −2 12 57 −3 4 19 28 13 28 −2 10 58 −2 4 18 29 13 29 −1 7 60 −2 3 18 29 14 30 0 4 62 −2 3 17 29 15 31 0 2 63 −1 3 17 29 15

As shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 , a method known as affine linear weighted prediction uses reference samples to derive values of predicted samples. For predicting the samples of a rectangular block of width W and height H, affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) takes one line of H reconstructed neighbouring boundary samples left of the block and one line of W reconstructed neighbouring boundary samples above the block as input. If the reconstructed samples are unavailable, they are generated as it is done in the conventional intra prediction. The generation of the prediction signal is based on the following three steps:

-   -   1: Out of the boundary samples, four samples in the case of         W=H=4 and eight samples in all other cases are extracted by         averaging.     -   2: A matrix vector multiplication, followed by addition of an         offset, is carried out with the averaged samples as an input.         The result is a reduced prediction signal on a subsampled set of         samples in the original block.     -   3: The prediction signal at the remaining positions is generated         from the prediction signal on the subsampled set by linear         interpolation, which is a single step linear interpolation in         each direction.

The matrices and offset vectors needed to generate the prediction signal are taken from three sets S₀, S₁, S₂ of matrices. The set S₀ consists of 18 matrices A₀ ^(i), i∈{0, . . . , 17} each of which has 16 rows and 4 columns and 18 offset vectors b₀ ^(i), i∈{0, . . . , 17} each of size 16. Matrices and offset vectors of that set are used for blocks of size 4×4. The set S₁ consists of 10 matrices A₁ ^(i), i∈{0, . . . , 9}, each of which has 16 rows and 8 columns and 10 offset vectors b₁ ^(i), i∈{0, . . . , 9} each of size 16. Matrices and offset vectors of that set are used for blocks of sizes 4×8, 8×4 and 8×8. Finally, the set S₂ consists of 6 matrices A₂ ^(i), i∈{0, . . . ,5}, each of which has 64 rows and 8 columns and of 6 offset vectors b₂ ^(i), i∈{0, . . . , 5} of size 64. Matrices and offset vectors of that set or parts of these matrices and offset vectors are used for all other block-shapes.

The total number of multiplications needed in the computation of the matrix vector product is always smaller than or equal to 4·W·H. In other words, at most four multiplications per sample are required for the ALWIP modes.

Averaging of the Boundary

In a first step, the input boundaries bdry^(top) and bdry^(left) are reduced to smaller boundaries bdry_(red) ^(top) and bdry_(red) ^(left). Here, bdry_(red) ^(top) and bdry_(red) ^(left) both consists of 2 samples in the case of a 4×4-block and both consist of 4 samples in all other cases.

In the case of a 4×4-block, for 0≤i<2, one defines bdry_(red) ^(top)[i]=((Σ_(j=0) ¹bdry^(top)[i·2+j])+1)>>1 and defines bdry_(red) ^(left) analogously.

Otherwise, if the block-width W is given as W=4·2^(k), for 0≤i<4, one defines bdry_(red) ^(top)[i]=((Σ_(j=0) ² ^(k) ⁻¹bdry^(top)[i·2^(k)+j])(1«(k−1)))»k and defines bdry_(red) ^(left) analogously.

The two reduced boundaries bdry_(red) ^(top) and bdry_(red) ^(left) are concatenated to a reduced boundary vector bdry_(red) which is thus of size four for blocks of shape 4×4 and of size eight for blocks of all other shapes. If mode refers to the ALWIP-mode, this concatenation is defined as follows:

${bdry_{red}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \left\lbrack {{bdry_{red}^{top}}\ ,\ {bdry_{red}^{left}}} \right\rbrack & {{{for}\mspace{14mu} W} = {H = {{4\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} < 18}}} \\ \left\lbrack {{{bdr}y_{red}^{left}},\ {{bdr}y_{red}^{top}}} \right\rbrack & {{{for}\mspace{14mu} W} = {H = {{4\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} \geq 18}}} \\ \left\lbrack {{bdry_{red}^{Cop}}\ ,\ {bdry_{red}^{left}}} \right\rbrack & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} = {{8\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} < 10}} \\ \left\lbrack {{bdry_{red}^{left}},\ {bdry_{red}^{top}}} \right\rbrack & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} = {{8\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} \geq 10}} \\ \left\lbrack {{bdry_{red}^{top}}\ ,\ {bdry_{red}^{left}}} \right\rbrack & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} > {8\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} < 6} \\ \left\lbrack {{bdry_{red}^{left}},\ {bdry_{red}^{top}}} \right\rbrack & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} > {8\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} \geq 6.} \end{matrix} \right.$

Finally, for the interpolation of the subsampled prediction signal, on large blocks a second version of the averaged boundary is needed. Namely, if min(W, H)>8 and W≥H, one writes W=8*2^(l), and, for 0≤i<8, defines bdry_(redII) ^(top)=((Σ_(j=0) ² ^(l) ⁻¹ bdry^(top)[i·2^(l)+j])+(1«(l−1)))»l. If min(W, H)>8 and H>W, one defines bdry_(redII) ^(left) analogously.

Generation of the reduced prediction signal by matrix vector multiplication

Out of the reduced input vector bdry_(red) one generates a reduced prediction signal pred_(red). The latter signal is a signal on the downsampled block of width W_(red) and height H_(red). Here, W_(red) and H_(red) are defined as:

$W_{red} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} 4 & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} \leq 8} \\ {\min\left( {W,8} \right)} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} > 8} \end{matrix}H_{red}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} 4 & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} \leq 8} \\ {\min\left( {H,8} \right)} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} > 8} \end{matrix} \right.} \right.$

The reduced prediction signal pred_(red) is computed by calculating a matrix vector product and adding an offset: pred_(red) =A·bdry_(red) +b.

Here, A is a matrix that has W_(red)·H_(red) rows and 4 columns if W=H=4 and 8 columns in all other cases. b is a vector of size W_(red)·H_(red).

The matrix A and the vector b are taken from one of the sets S₀, S₁, S₂ as follows. One defines an index (further referred to as block size type) idx=idx(W,H) as follows:

${id{x\left( {W,H} \right)}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {{0\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} W} = {H = 4}} \\ {{1\mspace{9mu}{for}\mspace{14mu}\max\mspace{14mu}\left( {W,H} \right)} = 8} \\ {{2\mspace{9mu}{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} > {8.}} \end{matrix} \right.$

Moreover, one puts m as follows:

$m = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {mode} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu} W} = {H = {{4\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} < 18}}} \\ {{mode} - 17} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu} W} = {H = {{4\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} \geq 18}}} \\ {mode} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} = {{8\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} < 10}} \\ {{mode} - 9} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} = {{8\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} \geq 10}} \\ {mode} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} > {8\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} < 6} \\ {{mode} - 5} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu}{\max\left( {W,H} \right)}} > {8\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}{mode}} \geq 6.} \end{matrix} \right.$

Then, if idx≤1 or idx=2 and min(W,H)>4, one puts A=A_(idx) ^(m) and b=b_(idx) ^(m). In the case that idx=2 and min(W,H)=4, one lets A be the matrix that arises by leaving out every row of A_(idx) ^(m) that, in the case W=4, corresponds to an odd x-coordinate in the downsampled block, or, in the case H=4, corresponds to an odd y-coordinate in the downsampled block.

Finally, the reduced prediction signal is replaced by its transpose in the following cases:

-   -   W=H=4 and mode≥18     -   max(W, H)=8 and mode≥10     -   max(W, H)>8 and mode≥6

Technical problem to be solved.

In ALWIP, predicted samples are obtained using convolution with a set of coefficients. Notably, the reduced prediction signal pred_(red) is computed by calculating a matrix vector product and adding an offset based on pred_(red)=A·bdry_(red)+b.

If to juxtapose this step with the interpolation step used in skew-directional intra prediction, (predSamples[x][y]=Clip1Y(((Σ_(i=0) ³fT[ . . . ]*ref[y+iIdx . . . i])+32)>>6)), some similarities could be noticed.

Firstly, multiplication is performed for a set of reference samples that are obtained from the neighboring ones using reference sample filtering. Secondly, predicted samples are obtained from the reference ones using convolution operation. The difference between these two methods is that the convolution cores (A and fT[ ]) are different. Hence, despite the similarities, the steps for these two methods are different and require separate hardware designs with similar modules.

Solution and Advantages. The present disclosure proposes a unified directional intra prediction with ALWIP by aligning accuracy of multiplication operations. This unification enables a possibility to have a unified convolution step for the both methods and thus to eliminate hardware redundancy.

The core of the present disclosure could be formulated as an intra prediction method comprising the following steps. The steps are preparing a set of reference samples; obtain predicted signal by convolving reference samples with a set of coefficients that could be defined adaptively per a position of predicted sample, upsample the predicted signal. Each of these steps has parameters that could be adjusted. By defining a set of parameters, the sequence of steps may operate as ALWIP or as directional intra prediction.

FIG. 7 shows the flowchart applicable to both methods ALWIP and directional intra prediction. All of the steps shown in FIG. 7 have the same input and output data, but processing within each of the step varies depending on what intra prediction method is selected.

The first step of reference sample generation is performed as boundary averaging in case of ALWIP and samples selection and conditional filtering in case of directional intra prediction

The second step of convolving reference samples with a convolution core require that both methods use the same precision of filter cores, and desirably, the same number of coefficients.

The last step of upsampling may be skipped for the case of directional intra prediction. The design implies certain constraints on the parameters used by the both methods.

Particularly, a set of coefficients should comprise coefficients of the given precision (i.e. bit-depth).

In one embodiment, coefficients of the directional interpolation filters are defined in the same precision of the coefficients belonging to the matrix “A”. For example, this set may be defined as it is given in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Intra prediction interpolation filter coefficients Subpixel Cubic filter Gauss filter offset c₀ c₁ c₂ c₃ c₀ c₁ c₂ c₃  0 (integer) 0 256 0 0 47 161 47 1  1 −3 252 8 −1 43 161 51 1  2 −5 247 17 −3 40 160 54 2  3 −7 242 25 −4 37 159 58 2  4 −9 236 34 −5 34 158 62 2  5 −10 230 43 −7 31 156 67 2  6 −12 224 52 −8 28 154 71 3  7 −13 217 61 −9 26 151 76 3  8 −14 210 70 −10 23 149 80 4  9 −15 203 79 −11 21 146 85 4 10 −16 195 89 −12 19 142 90 5 11 −16 187 98 −13 17 139 94 6 12 −16 179 107 −14 16 135 99 6 13 −16 170 116 −14 14 131 104 7 14 −17 162 126 −15 13 127 108 8 15 −16 153 135 −16 11 123 113 9 16 (half-pel) −16 144 144 −16 10 118 118 10 17 −16 135 153 −16 9 113 123 11 18 −15 126 162 −17 8 108 127 13 19 −14 116 170 −16 7 104 131 14 20 −14 107 179 −16 6 99 135 16 21 −13 98 187 −16 6 94 139 17 22 −12 89 195 −16 5 90 142 19 23 −11 79 203 −15 4 85 146 21 24 −10 70 210 −14 4 80 149 23 25 −9 61 217 −13 3 76 151 26 26 −8 52 224 −12 3 71 154 28 27 −7 43 230 −10 2 67 156 31 28 −5 34 236 −9 2 62 158 34 29 −4 25 242 −7 2 58 159 37 30 −3 17 247 −5 2 54 160 40 31 −1 8 252 −3 1 51 161 43

In another embodiment, coefficients of matrix A have a 6-bit precision in order 10-bit samples processing fits in 16-bit arithmetic. In other words, the coefficients of the matrix A have a 6-bit precision such that processing of 10-bit samples fits in a 16-bit arithmetic.

ALWIP method could be also referred to as matrix-based intra prediction (MIP). Signaling of an intra prediction mode in presence of MIP could be formulated as it is shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Signaling of intra_prediction modes if MIP is enabled.  ... if( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE || treeType = = DUAL_TREE_LUMA ) {  if( Abs( Log2( cbWidth ) - Log2( cbHeight) ) <= 2)   intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0] ae(v)  if( intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {   intra_lwip_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   if( intra_lwip_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )    intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   else    intra_lwip_mpm_remainder [ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)  } else {   if( ( y0 % CtbSizeY ) > 0)    intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   if (intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&    ( cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY || cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY ) &&    ( cbWidth * cbHeight > MinTbSizeY * MinTbSizeY ))    intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   if( intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 1 &&    cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY && cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY )    intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   if( intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&    intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0)    intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   if( intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )    intra_luma_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   else    intra_luma_mpm_remainder [ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)  } ...

The process of MPM list derivation requires intra prediction modes of the neighboring blocks. However, even if MIP is not used for the current block, neighboring blocks may be predicted using MIP and thus would have an intra prediction mode that is inconsistent with conventional non-MIP intra prediction modes. For this purpose a lookup table is introduced (Tables 4-6), that maps input MIP mode indexes to conventional intra prediction modes.

TABLE 5 A mode mapping lookup table for blocks 4 × 4 MIP index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 intraPredMode 0 18 18 0 18 0 12 0 18 2 18 12 18 18 1 18 18 0 MIP index 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 intraPredMode 0 50 0 50 0 56 0 50 66 50 56 50 50 1 50 50 50

TABLE 6 A mode mapping lookup table for blocks 8 × 8 MIP index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 intraPredMode 0 1 0 1 0 22 18 18 1 0 1 0 1 0 44 0 50 1 0

TABLE 7 A mode mapping lookup table for blocks 16 × 16 MIP index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 intraPredMode 1 1 1 1 18 0 1 0 1 50 0

When a MIP block is predicted, its MPM list is being constructed with consideration of the neighboring non-MIP modes. These modes are mapped to the MIP ones using two steps.

At the first step, directional intra prediction mode is mapped to the reduced set of directional modes (see Table 8)

The second step is to determine MIP mode based on the determined directional mode of the reduced set of directional modes.

TABLE 8 Mapping of the directional intra prediction modes to the reduced set of directional modes intraPredMode 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 intraPredMode33 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 intraPredMode 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 intraPredMode33 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 intraPredMode 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 intraPredMode33 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 intraPredMode 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 intraPredMode33 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 DM_CHROMA_IDX

As shown in FIG. 9 , MIP coefficients (elements of matrices A₀ ^(i), A₁ ^(i) and A₂ ^(i)) has the length of 10 bits including 9-bit magnitude and a sign (1 bit). Values of MIP coefficients used in the reference software VTM-5.0 and the H.266/VVC spec draft, have the statistics presented in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Statistics of MIP coefficients Block size Values Ranges 4 × 4 −222 ... 435 657 8 × 8 −207 ... 476 683 16 × 16 −170 ... 314 484

In the proposed present disclosure, the magnitude of MIP coefficients is aligned with the magnitude of filter coefficients used for interpolation filtering in intra prediction. This alignment enables reusing multipliers for intra-prediction interpolation filtering by MIP in matrix multiplication. To achieve it, magnitudes of MIP coefficients should not exceed 6 bits. As shown in FIG. 10 , 6-bit magnitudes of MIP coefficients are extracted from 9-bit magnitude 1001 subject to the position of a non-zero most significant bit (MSB). 4 cases denoted by 1002-1005 are available. To restore 9-bit magnitude C_(MIP) and sign of an MIP coefficient, the following formula can be used C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·(q<<s), where q is 6-bit magnitude of an MIP coefficient; s is a left shift value; v_(sgn) is a sign value of an MIP coefficient. Left shift values subject to the position of a most significant bit are presented in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Left shift valuessubject to the position of a most significant bit Case index in FIG. 10 Left shift value 1002 0 1003 1 1004 2 1005 3

The representation of a MIP coefficient with 6-bit magnitude 1102 is shown in FIG. 11 . At the left most position, a MIP coefficient sign 1101 is placed. 2-bit value of left shift is appended to the MIP coefficient magnitude. In FIG. 12 , it is shown how to reuse multipliers for intra-prediction interpolation filtering by MIP. 6-bit magnitude 1202 of a MIP coefficient and pixel value 1203 (that has, for example, bit-depth of 10 bits) are inputs of multiplier 1204 that provides results with magnitude 1205 that is prepended by sign 1206 that has the same value as sign 1201 of the MIP coefficient.

Multiplication operation in matrix multiplication is performed with reduced bit depth by repositioning shift operation after multiplication p·C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·((p·q)<<s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient; s is a left shift value; v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; p is a reference sample, p=bdry_(red) ^(top)[i]0≤i<W; or p=bdry_(red) ^(left)[i], 0≤i<H.

Array 7. Exemplary values of MIP coefficients selected based on the proposed method

  const short mipMatrix4x4round_const[18][16][4] = {  {   { 132 , −14 , 144 , −14 },   { 160 , 68 , 5 , 24 },   { −32 , 272 , −9 , 30 },   { −66 , 248 , 9 , 10 },   { −5 , 17 , 192 , 60 },   { 2 , 124 , 9 , 124 },   { −60 , 192 , −40 , 96 },   { −18 , 112 , −36 , 64 },   { −12 , 28 , −28 , 272 },   { −36 , 80 , −56 , 192 },   { −24 , 80 , −28 , 80 },   { −14 , 72 , −24 , 72 },   { 3 , 10 , −56 , 240 },   { −33 , 68 , −12 , 96 },   { −24 , 72 , −9 , 66 },   { −18 , 72 , −17 , 66 }  },  {   { 32 , −10 , 224 , 6 },   { 136 , −36 , 144 , 7 },   { 96 , 124 , 34 , −1 },   { −9 , 272 , −10 , −4 },   { −9 , 3 , 264 , −7 },   { −18 , −8 , 288 , −18 },   { −4 , −9 , 264 , −15 },   { −120 , 192 , 160 , −5 },   { 4 , −6 , 96 , 160 },   { 3 , −10 , 48 , 192 },   { 7 , −36 , 12 , 224 },   { −34 , −15 , −4 , 240 },   { 0 , −15 , −126 , 384 },   { 0 , −24 , −126 , 384 },   { 0 , −24 , −124 , 320 },   { 16 , −34 , −112 , 320 }  },  {   { 160 , 14 , 112 , −40 },   { 248 , −6 , 33 , −34 },   { 224 , 40 , 16 , −28 },   { −80 , 320 , 5 , −20 },   { −56 , 3 , 264 , 40 },   { −6 , 14 , 192 , 24 },   { 96 , 7 , 72 , 17 },   { −56 , 224 , −24 , 12 },   { −6 , −3 , 1 , 264 },   { −24 , 0 , 12 , 256 },   { −15 , −7 , 16 , 240 },   { −40 , 40 , −20 , 224 },   { −2 , 3 , 6 , 248 },   { −4 , 4 , 6 , 248 },   { −5 , 2 , 12 , 248 },   { −1 , −12 , 17 , 248 }  },  {   { 40 , −6 , 248 , −28 },   { 224 , −17 , 48 , −2 },   { 96 , 192 , −36 , 2 },   { −32 , 272 , 4 , 8 },   { −9 , 9 , 192 , 64 },   { 48 , −20 , 160 , 64 },   { 96 , 112 , −10 , 56 },   { −5 , 272 , −48 , 20 },   { 3 , 5 , 24 , 224 },   { 3 , −8 , 36 , 224 },   { −17 , 40 , 68 , 160 },   { −72 , 224 , 20 , −8 },   { −3 , 0 , 4 , 252 },   { 6 , 0 , 2 , 248 },   { −15 , −9 , 40 , 224 },   { −192 , 80 , 192 , −33 }  },  {   { 96 , −18 , 240 , −68 },   { 48 , 63 , 160 , −24 },   { −48 , 192 , 40 , 48 },   { −20 , 192 , −72 , 120 },   { −48 , 3 , 160 , 136 },   { −48 , 2 , 64 , 224 },   { −28 , 1 , 14 , 248 },   { −14 , 1 , −6 , 256 },   { 3 , 1 , −17 , 264 },   { 0 , 1 , −12 , 264 },   { −5 , 5 , 2 , 248 },   { −9 , 4 , 7 , 248 },   { −6 , 1 , 8 , 248 },   { −7 , 2 , 7 , 248 },   { −10 , 5 , 6 , 248 },   { −10 , 5 , 4 , 248 }  },  {   { 68 , 1 , 192 , −3 },   { 192 , −15 , 72 , 3 },   { 272 , −20 , −1 , 1 },   { 160 , 96 , −3 , 2 },   { −14 , −2 , 288 , −17 },   { 2 , 3 , 264 , −15 },   { 96 , −3 , 160 , −3 },   { 224 , −28 , 56 , 0 },   { 2 , 0 , 144 , 112 },   { −1 , −5 , 240 , 20 },   { −15 , −1 , 288 , −18 },   { 20 , 2 , 248 , −18 },   { 4 , −1 , −36 , 288 },   { 3 , −7 , 20 , 240 },   { 6 , −7 , 112 , 144 },   { 1 , −3 , 192 , 56 }  },  {   { 144 , −10 , 136 , −10 },   { 112 , 80 , 80 , −16 },   { −6 , 240 , 40 , −20 },   { −20 , 264 , 9 , 0 },   { −72 , 12 , 288 , 24 },   { −96 , 63 , 224 , 60 },   { −132 , 160 , 96 , 132 },   { −72 , 192 , −48 , 160 },   { −15 , −4 , 36 , 240 },   { −24 , 20 , −40 , 288 },   { −30 , 48 , −62 , 240 },   { −34 , 62 , −40 , 160 },   { 20 , 20 , −96 , 288 },   { 1 , 40 , −60 , 192 },   { −8 , 56 , −24 , 112 },   { −12 , 62 , −9 , 96 }  },  {   { 192 , 9 , 80 , −20 },   { 272 , −10 , −12 , 1 },   { 224 , 28 , 2 , 5 },   { −20 , 272 , −2 , 0 },   { 0 , 1 , 256 , −1 },   { 144 , 7 , 120 , −20 },   { 288 , −28 , 9 , −20 },   { 160 , 96 , 9 , −18 },   { −15 , −2 , 48 , 224 },   { −15 , −5 , 80 , 192 },   { 112 , −8 , 9 , 132 },   { 256 , −28 , −72 , 72 },   { 5 , 2 , −16 , 264 },   { −3 , 1 , −17 , 272 },   { −8 , −2 , −14 , 272 },   { 96 , −30 , −96 , 256 }  },  {   { 192 , −40 , 132 , −36 },   { 288 , −48 , 36 , −34 },   { 68 , 192 , 10 , −28 },   { −15 , 264 , 20 , −24 },   { −56 , 9 , 256 , 40 },   { 48 , −36 , 192 , 24 },   { 68 , 40 , 66 , 20 },   { −48 , 240 , −36 , 15 },   { −12 , 1 , 1 , 264 },   { −20 , −1 , 8 , 256 },   { −12 , −18 , 7 , 248 },   { −120 , 136 , −48 , 224 },   { −3 , 3 , 7 , 248 },   { −5 , 5 , 8 , 248 },   { 0 , −2 , 9 , 252 },   { −36 , 24 , 16 , 248 }  },  {   { −40 , 96 , 264 , −60 },   { −96 , 160 , 136 , 56 },   { −60 , 96 , 56 , 160 },   { −14 , 30 , 15 , 224 },   { −56 , 18 , 68 , 224 },   { −3 , −15 , 8 , 264 },   { 5 , −20 , 12 , 264 },   { −2 , −7 , 20 , 252 },   { 7 , −2 , −4 , 256 },   { −2 , 3 , 14 , 248 },   { −7 , 8 , 14 , 248 },   { −5 , 7 , 14 , 248 },   { −4 , 3 , 15 , 248 },   { −4 , 2 , 14 , 252 },   { −3 , 3 , 12 , 252 },   { −2 , 3 , 16 , 248 }   },  {   { 144 , −28 , 240 , −112 },   { 240 , −112 , 224 , −112 },   { 320 , −160 , 192 , −112 },   { 320 , −160 , 192 , −120 },   { −40 , −72 , 256 , 112 },   { −17 , −96 , 256 , 112 },   { 36 , −144 , 256 , 96 },   { 112 , −224 , 256 , 96 },   { 14 , −12 , −16 , 272 },   { 12 , −8 , −10 , 264 },   { 2 , 0 , −4 , 264 },   { 1 , −6 , 9 , 264 },   { −4 , 0 , 24 , 240 },   { 2 , −6 , 28 , 240 },   { 7 , −12 , 28 , 240 },   { 12 , −15 , 30 , 240 }  },  {   { 36 , −15 , 240 , 3 },   { 96 , 24 , 144 , −2 },   { 36 , 224 , 18 , −24 },   { −1 , 264 , 3 , −14 },   { −10 , 2 , 256 , 2 },   { −28 , 1 , 252 , 28 },   { −68 , 112 , 132 , 80 },   { −48 , 240 , −80 , 120 },   { −3 , −10 , 48 , 224 },   { −2 , −5 , −24 , 272 },   { −30 , 17 , −48 , 256 },   { −48 , 80 , −68 , 160 },   { 2 , 14 , −112 , 320 },   { 5 , 28 , −72 , 192 },   { 16 , 28 , −33 , 96 },   { 12 , 30 , −17 , 80 }  },  {   { 24 , 2 , 224 , 7 },   { 2 , 30 , 224 , 2 },   { −20 , 80 , 192 , 1 },   { −34 , 96 , 192 , −2 },   { −28 , 20 , 264 , −1 },   { −34 , 28 , 264 , 1 },   { −36 , 28 , 264 , 5 },   { −40 , 33 , 264 , 6 },   { −15 , 15 , 240 , 24 },   { −20 , 24 , 248 , 10 },   { −30 , 33 , 248 , 5 },   { −36 , 40 , 240 , −10 },   { 9 , −18 , −240 , 480 },   { 6 , −24 , −224 , 448 },   { −7 , −17 , −124 , 288 },   { −17 , −6 , −72 , 192 }  },  {   { 24 , −12 , 240 , 8 },   { 80 , −30 , 192 , 15 },   { 34 , 72 , 144 , 9 },   { −96 , 256 , 96 , 1 },   { −7 , 6 , 264 , −8 },   { −16 , 6 , 272 , −8 },   { −1 , −14 , 272 , −2 },   { −48 , 40 , 264 , 1 },   { 7 , 14 , 160 , 112 },   { 10 , 9 , 192 , 72 },   { 9 , 12 , 192 , 56 },   { 18 , −8 , 224 , 28 },   { −5 , −33 , −96 , 320 },   { −2 , −56 , −96 , 320 },   { 0 , −56 , −80 , 288 },   { −5 , −48 , −63 , 264 }  },  {   { 72 , 8 , 192 , −18 },   { −33 , 192 , 112 , −9 },   { −66 , 264 , −24 , 96 },   { 48 , 144 , −144 , 192 },   { −112 , 120 , 192 , 72 },   { −36 , 144 , −40 , 192 },   { 96 , 24 , −192 , 272 },   { 96 , −20 , −192 , 264 },   { 16 , 24 , −80 , 288 },   { 62 , −40 , −160 , 288 },   { 48 , −48 , −144 , 240 },   { 40 , −31 , −144 , 224 },   { 33 , −40 , −112 , 272 },   { 24 , −48 , −112 , 224 },   { 18 , −40 , −120 , 224 },   { 24 , −36 , −128 , 224 }  },  {   { 24 , 2 , 224 , 8 },   { 3 , 28 , 224 , 3 },   { −18 , 80 , 192 , 1 },   { −28 , 96 , 192 , −4 },   { −24 , 17 , 264 , −2 },   { −30 , 24 , 264 , 1 },   { −31 , 24 , 264 , 2 },   { −32 , 28 , 256 , 4 },   { −8 , 16 , 224 , 34 },   { −18 , 24 , 248 , 10 },   { −28 , 32 , 248 , 5 },   { −32 , 40 , 240 , −10 },   { 5 , −10 , −224 , 448 },   { −1 , −9 , −192 , 384 },   { −14 , −9 , −112 , 264 },   { −28 , −6 , −68 , 192 }  },  {   { 14 , −7 , 288 , −48 },   { 9 , −17 , 320 , −62 },   { −14 , 14 , 288 , −40 },   { −192 , 192 , 264 , −17 },   { −15 , 12 , 160 , 96 },   { −14 , 8 , 128 , 132 },   { 1 , −14 , 72 , 192 },   { 14 , −17 , 56 , 192 },   { 3 , −1 , −12 , 264 },   { 4 , −1 , −14 , 264 },   { −4 , 4 , −12 , 264 },   { 3 , −2 , −4 , 256 },   { −3 , 0 , 7 , 248 },   { −3 , −2 , 8 , 248 },   { −4 , −1 , 7 , 248 },   { −7 , 1 , 7 , 248 }  },  {   { −24 , −4 , 288 , −4 },   { −18 , −12 , 288 , −2 },   { −2 , −28 , 288 , −2 },   { −2 , −24 , 288 , −5 },   { 17 , 0 , 240 , 1 },   { 14 , 3 , 240 , 1 },   { 15 , 9 , 224 , 7 },   { 18 , 1 , 224 , 12 },   { 2 , −2 , 8 , 248 },   { 2 , −1 , 7 , 248 },   { 1 , 1 , 2 , 252 },   { −1 , 3 , 2 , 252 },   { 1 , 1 , −10 , 264 },   { 0 , 2 , −10 , 264 },   { 1 , 1 , −10 , 264 },   { 1 , 1 , −10 , 264 }  } };

Array 8. Exemplary values of MIP coefficients selected based on the proposed method, defined in C/C++ programming language.

const short mipMatrix8x8round_const[10][16][8] = {  {   { 40 , −28 , 8 , −1 , 272 , −40 , 7 , −2 },   { 192 , −32 , −4 , 1 , 132 , −40 , 12 , −4 },   { 128 , 144 , −20 , −3 , 10 , −5 , 2 , −1 },   { 14 , 136 , 112 , 0 , −9 , 7 , −3 , −1 },   { −12 , 2 , −2 , 1 , 36 , 264 , −40 , 6 },   { −34 , 0 , 2 , 1 , 192 , 128 , −40 , 7 },   { 48 , −40 , 8 , 1 , 256 , −14 , −2 , 0 },   { 132 , 14 , −18 , 4 , 160 , −40 , 10 , −5 },   { 3 , −1 , 0 , 1 , −16 , 32 , 272 , −36 },   { 10 , −1 , 0 , 2 , −48 , 192 , 132 , −30 },   { −14 , 5 , −4 , 2 , 12 , 272 , −12 , −4 },   { −14 , −5 , 4 , 4 , 136 , 160 , −34 , 5 },   { −4 , −1 , −2 , 1 , 4 , −15 , 24 , 248 },   { −3 , 2 , −1 , 4 , 17 , −56 , 192 , 96 },   { 1 , −1 , −3 , 2 , −7 , 7 , 264 , −8 },   { 4 , −1 , −4 , 3 , −30 , 144 , 160 , −20 },  },  {   { 5 , 192 , −40 , 5 , −48 , 80 , 72 , −8 },   { −9 , 8 , 240 , −14 , 9 , −36 , 18 , 40 },   { 3 , −4 , 7 , 248 , 0 , 1 , −18 , 20 },   { 2 , 3 , −34 , 288 , 3 , −3 , −1 , 0 },   { −24 , 56 , 96 , −20 , 14 , −66 , 126 , 72 },   { 6 , −24 , 80 , 160 , 1 , 9 , −40 , 63 },   { 3 , 7 , −48 , 288 , 3 , −2 , −1 , 6 },   { 2 , 4 , −33 , 288 , 3 , −4 , 0 , 0 },   { −12 , −20 , 80 , 72 , 3 , 7 , −66 , 192 },   { −1 , −7 , −28 , 272 , 3 , 4 , −5 , 17 },   { 2 , 2 , −36 , 288 , 3 , −3 , 3 , −1 },   { 1 , 4 , −32 , 288 , 4 , −4 , 1 , −1 },   { −7 , −31 , 8 , 192 , 7 , 20 , −16 , 80 },   { −4 , −3 , −40 , 288 , 4 , 3 , −2 , 10 },   { 2 , 2 , −34 , 288 , 4 , −3 , 4 , −4 },   { 3 , 7 , −28 , 272 , 7 , −2 , 2 , 1 },  },  {   { 144 , 36 , −5 , 1 , 8 , 72 , −2 , 3 },   { −63 , 272 , 15 , −4 , −17 , 40 , 6 , 5 },   { −4 , −48 , 288 , 4 , −24 , 24 , 8 , 8 },   { 0 , 10 , −80 , 320 , −14 , 7 , 2 , −1 },   { 96 , 16 , 0 , −2 , −96 , 192 , 56 , −4 },   { −66 , 272 , −8 , 0 , −96 , 96 , 48 , 9 },   { −18 , −24 , 288 , −12 , −60 , 31 , 32 , 14 },   { −4 , 2 , −80 , 320 , −24 , −2 , 10 , 6 },   { 72 , 6 , 4 , −1 , −72 , 8 , 192 , 48 },   { −80 , 264 , −20 , 1 , −112 , 31 , 112 , 60 },   { −34 , −1 , 272 , −24 , −80 , 24 , 31 , 56 },   { −7 , −5 , −68 , 288 , −36 , 4 , −16 , 40 },   { 56 , 3 , 7 , −1 , −48 , 5 , −31 , 264 },   { −80 , 240 , −24 , 0 , −96 , 7 , −16 , 224 },   { −48 , 24 , 240 , −28 , −80 , 5 , −24 , 144 },   { −15 , −14 , −48 , 264 , −40 , −5 , −40 , 80 },  },  {   { 224 , −48 , 10 , −1 , 384 , −72 , 15 , −2 },   { 448 , 96 , −48 , 6 , 24 , −15 , 2 , −3 },   { −2 , 480 , 80 , −36 , −6 , −3 , 0 , −4 },   { −1 , −18 , 480 , 60 , 3 , −6 , −1 , −5 },   { −48 , 0 , −5 , −2 , 256 , 384 , −80 , 6 },   { 124 , −36 , 3 , 1 , 448 , −24 , −9 , 0 },   { 384 , 56 , −36 , 7 , 124 , −31 , 4 , −4 },   { 112 , 384 , 18 , −10 , 5 , −2 , 3 , −4 },   { 3 , −2 , −2 , −1 , −63 , 264 , 384 , −72 },   { −28 , 1 , −6 , −3 , 112 , 480 , −31 , −15 },   { 48 , −30 , −5 , −3 , 448 , 96 , −40 , −5 },   { 288 , 20 , −12 , 7 , 224 , −17 , −2 , −5 },   { 1 , −1 , 0 , 0 , 28 , −96 , 288 , 288 },   { 1 , −1 , −6 , −3 , −31 , 96 , 480 , −30 },   { −18 , −2 , −8 , −2 , 36 , 448 , 68 , −16 },   { 30 , −3 , 0 , 3 , 288 , 192 , −10 , 1 },  },  {   { −48 , 36 , 6 , 24 , 120 , 144 , −33 , 7 },   { −28 , 24 , 31 , 56 , −16 , 224 , −36 , 0 },   { −4 , 8 , 3 , 132 , −112 , 224 , 12 , −10 },   { 8 , 4 , −28 , 192 , −144 , 160 , 64 , −7 },   { 6 , 3 , 0 , 24 , −68 , 160 , 160 , −31 },   { −4 , 8 , −2 , 60 , −68 , 40 , 240 , −24 },   { −7 , 16 , −24 , 96 , −72 , −36 , 240 , 33 },   { −6 , 18 , −20 , 120 , −80 , −62 , 160 , 112 },   { −2 , 4 , −1 , 20 , −18 , −40 , 160 , 128 },   { −8 , 9 , −8 , 48 , −40 , −17 , 36 , 224 },   { −10 , 12 , −20 , 80 , −64 , −2 , −48 , 288 },   { −10 , 14 , −16 , 96 , −80 , 3 , −68 , 288 },   { −5 , 1 , −5 , 20 , −17 , 8 , −80 , 320 },   { −15 , 5 , −12 , 48 , −33 , −6 , −80 , 320 },   { −20 , 4 , −14 , 63 , −48 , −18 , −68 , 320 },   { −20 , 7 , −12 , 80 , −56 , −20 , −56 , 288 },  },  {   { −12 , −16 , 6 , 0 , 288 , −10 , 0 , −1 },   { 80 , −28 , −9 , 3 , 240 , −40 , 14 , −4 },   { 96 , 64 , −28 , −7 , 160 , −40 , 15 , −5 },   { 96 , 72 , 72 , −40 , 80 , −28 , 9 , −7 },   { 2 , 2 , 1 , 0 , −24 , 288 , −12 , −2 },   { −24 , 4 , 1 , −1 , 60 , 256 , −48 , 5 },   { −34 , −12 , 1 , −2 , 160 , 192 , −48 , 3 },   { −24 , −2 , −12 , 1 , 224 , 96 , −30 , −1 },   { −4 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 5 , −24 , 288 , −12 },   { 2 , −2 , 1 , −2 , −20 , 56 , 252 , −36 },   { 5 , −1 , 1 , −1 , −40 , 160 , 160 , −33 },   { 2 , 0 , 4 , −4 , −36 , 224 , 80 , −18 },   { 2 , −4 , 0 , −1 , −3 , 0 , −28 , 288 },   { −1 , −3 , −1 , −2 , 5 , −30 , 62 , 224 },   { −1 , 0 , 2 , −1 , 15 , −56 , 160 , 132 },   { −3 , 1 , 1 , −2 , 14 , −56 , 240 , 56 },  },  {   { −80 , 48 , −6 , 0 , 256 , 63 , −40 , 12 },   1−192 , 160 , 28 , −10 , 224 , 80 , −48 , 12 },   { −192 , −10 , 224 , −5 , 160 , 112 , −48 , 10 },   { −144 , 14 , −60 , 252 , 96 , 124 , −40 , 9 },   { 10 , 1 , 3 , −1 , −80 , 248 , 112 , −40 },   { 3 , 6 , 4 , 1 , −68 , 192 , 160 , −48 },   { −9 , 3 , 18 , −5 , −62 , 160 , 192 , −48 },   { −20 , −4 , −15 , 36 , −60 , 132 , 224 , −48 },   { −3 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 20 , −72 , 224 , 80 },   { −3 , 3 , −2 , −1 , 18 , −66 , 192 , 112 },   { −4 , 1 , −3 , −2 , 16 , −60 , 160 , 144 },   { −3 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 15 , −48 , 120 , 160 },   { 0 , −3 , −1 , −2 , −12 , 24 , −72 , 320 },   { −3 , 1 , −3 , −2 , −14 , 20 , −68 , 320 },   { 2 , 2 , 4 , 2 , −12 , 28 , −64 , 288 },   { 1 , 0 , 2 , 5 , −14 , 24 , −56 , 288 },  },  {   { −72 , −7 , −2 , 8 , 320 , 17 , −12 , 3 },   { −40 , −36 , −2 , 12 , 320 , 9 , −9 , 2 },   { −48 , −7 , −28 , 17 , 320 , 5 , −6 , 2 },   { −56 , −10 , −2 , 7 , 320 , 3 , −7 , 1 },   { 20 , −2 , −2 , 3 , −96 , 320 , 31 , −17 },   { 10 , 1 , −4 , 5 , −80 , 320 , 20 , −15 },   { 14 , −9 , 0 , 8 , −80 , 320 , 20 , −16 },   { 15 , −5 , −4 , 18 , −68 , 288 , 20 , −10 },   { −8 , 1 , 1 , 5 , 31 , −96 , 288 , 31 },   { −10 , −1 , −1 , 7 , 28 , −80 , 288 , 24 },   { −9 , −4 , 0 , 12 , 28 , −80 , 288 , 20 },   { −10 , −7 , −4 , 15 , 24 , −72 , 288 , 20 },   { 1 , 0 , −2 , 2 , −14 , 28 , −80 , 320 },   { −3 , 0 , −2 , 7 , −10 , 24 , −80 , 320 },   { −4 , −4 , −2 , 12 , −10 , 24 , −80 , 320 },   { −6 , −6 , −7 , 17 , −10 , 20 , −72 , 320 },  },  {   { −96 , 20 , 10 , 6 , 224 , 264 , 72 , 24 },   { −28 , −24 , 14 , 12 , 80 , 320 , 112 , 36 },   { −15 , 18 , −15 , 6 , 32 , 320 , 136 , 40 },   { −10 , 12 , 30 , −18 , 4 , 320 , 144 , 40 },   { 12 , −4 , 2 , 2 , −14 , 272 , 224 , 28 },   { 4 , 10 , −2 , −4 , 7 , 224 , 252 , 34 },   { −1 , 7 , 4 , −10 , 9 , 224 , 264 , 36 },   { −3 , 9 , 2 , −9 , 14 , 224 , 256 , 36 },   { 7 , 2 , 6 , −2 , 8 , 96 , 320 , 80 },   { 5 , 7 , 2 , −4 , 7 , 112 , 320 , 80 },   { 2 , 14 , 2 , −8 , 6 , 124 , 320 , 72 },   { 2 , 15 , 8 , −8 , 10 , 136 , 288 , 80 },   { 5 , 0 , 3 , −6 , 7 , 36 , 224 , 252 },   { 2 , 8 , 0 , −8 , 8 , 56 , 320 , 144 },     { 4 , 14 , 5 , −7 , 12 , 72 , 320 , 112 },   { 1 , 12 , 3 , −8 , 14 , 80 , 320 , 112 },  },  {   { 96 , 80 , −12 , 1 , 12 , 80 , −2 , 2 },   { −28 , 224 , 40 , −5 , −24 , 34 , 9 , 5 },   { −3 , −30 , 272 , 12 , −24 , 14 , 9 , 8 },   { −7 , 12 , −72 , 320 , −12 , 0 , 3 , 2 },   { 36 , 62 , −9 , −2 , −80 , 192 , 62 , −4 },   { −32 , 192 , 30 , −1 , −80 , 80 , 48 , 18 },   { −10 , −10 , 256 , 1 , −48 , 18 , 17 , 28 },   { −7 , 12 , −66 , 288 , −12 , −5 , −1 , 20 },   { 14 , 56 , −4 , 1 , −48 , 3 , 160 , 72 },   { −48 , 160 , 28 , −2 , −80 , 28 , 72 , 96 },   { −24 , 3 , 240 , −4 , −72 , 20 , 3 , 80 },   { −16 , 6 , −60 , 288 , −30 , 4 , −28 , 40 },   { 5 , 48 , −2 , 0 , −36 , 2 , −18 , 256 },   { −56 , 132 , 24 , −3 , −64 , 3 , −7 , 224 },   { −40 , 14 , 192 , 0 , −72 , 6 , −12 , 144 },   { −24 , 2 , −48 , 252 , −40 , −2 , −20 , 64 }  } };

Array 9. Exemplary values of MIP coefficients selected based on the proposed method, defined in C/C++ programming language.

   const short mipMatrix16x16round_const[6][64][8] = {  {   { −48 , 32 , 28 , 9 , 248 , −20 , 9 , −2 },   { −56 , 10 , 40 , 33 , 224 , 2 , 6 , −3 },   { −28 , −28 , 48 , 66 , 160 , 36 , 3 , −1 },   { −9 , −33 , 34 , 96 , 96 , 72 , −1 , 1 },   { −8 , −6 , −9 , 128 , 48 , 112 , −9 , 0 },   { −6 , 15 , −24 , 144 , 3 , 132 , −10 , 2 },   { 0 , 17 , −5 , 128 , −36 , 160 , −12 , 2 },   { 8 , 16 , 12 , 120 , −60 , 160 , −7 , 5 },   { −14 , −17 , −1 , 24 , 112 , 160 , −12 , 2 },   { −6 , −16 , −12 , 36 , 72 , 192 , −12 , 3 },   { −7 , −8 , −24 , 40 , 40 , 224 , −12 , 2 },   { −6 , −4 , −24 , 40 , 17 , 240 , −10 , 2 },   { −2 , −4 , −17 , 40 , 0 , 240 , −4 , 2 },   { −1 , −3 , −12 , 40 , −16 , 240 , 4 , 2 },   { 0 , 2 , −12 , 48 , −28 , 224 , 16 , 3 },   { −3 , 3 , −15 , 48 , −36 , 224 , 28 , 4 },   { 1 , 0 , −12 , 14 , −5 , 252 , 2 , 5 },   { 2 , 0 , −14 , 17 , −12 , 248 , 10 , 4 },   { 1 , −2 , −15 , 17 , −14 , 240 , 28 , 1 },   { 0 , −3 , −14 , 17 , −15 , 224 , 48 , −2 },   { −1 , −2 , −14 , 17 , −14 , 192 , 80 , −5 },   { −3 , 0 , −12 , 18 , −14 , 160 , 112 , −7 },   { −3 , 0 , −12 , 18 , −12 , 136 , 132 , −6 },   { −2 , 0 , −10 , 20 , −12 , 112 , 144 , 1 },   { 3 , 2 , −5 , 9 , −15 , 144 , 120 , −4 },   { −1 , 0 , −7 , 7 , −14 , 120 , 160 , −9 },   { −1 , 0 , −8 , 8 , −9 , 80 , 192 , −7 },   { 0 , 1 , −7 , 10 , −5 , 66 , 192 , −4 },   { −3 , −2 , −9 , 8 , −5 , 40 , 224 , 0 },   { −3 , −1 , −10 , 9 , −4 , 28 , 224 , 10 },   { −4 , −2 , −10 , 10 , −5 , 16 , 224 , 24 },   { −1 , 1 , −8 , 15 , −3 , 16 , 192 , 40 },   { −1 , 0 , −4 , 4 , −3 , 10 , 240 , 9 },   { −1 , 0 , −5 , 3 , −2 , −1 , 240 , 20 },   { −1 , −1 , −6 , 5 , −3 , −4 , 224 , 40 },   { −1 , 0 , −6 , 8 , −3 , −4 , 192 , 66 },   { 0 , 0 , −6 , 9 , −3 , −2 , 160 , 96 },   { −1 , 0 , −7 , 10 , −5 , −2 , 144 , 112 },   { −1 , 0 , −8 , 14 , −5 , 1 , 120 , 132 },   { 0 , 1 , −8 , 16 , −5 , 7 , 96 , 144 },   { −1 , 1 , −2 , 3 , −1 , −12 , 144 , 124 },   { −3 , 0 , −4 , 3 , −3 , −10 , 112 , 160 },   { −3 , −1 , −6 , 5 , −6 , −6 , 80 , 192 },   { −1 , 0 , −4 , 8 , −4 , −2 , 64 , 192 },   { −2 , −1 , −7 , 9 , −7 , −3 , 40 , 224 },   { −2 , 0 , −7 , 14 , −7 , 0 , 30 , 224 },   { −3 , −1 , −9 , 14 , −9 , 0 , 20 , 240 },   { −3 , −1 , −9 , 15 , −10 , 2 , 17 , 240 },   { −1 , 0 , −2 , 3 , −1 , −2 , 5 , 252 },   { −2 , 0 , −3 , 5 , −2 , −2 , −6 , 264 },   { −3 , −1 , −5 , 7 , −3 , −3 , −10 , 272 },   { −2 , 0 , −5 , 10 , −4 , −4 , −14 , 272 },   { −3 , 0 , −7 , 14 , −4 , −4 , −16 , 272 },   { −3 , 1 , −8 , 17 , −5 , −5 , −17 , 272 },   { −3 , 1 , −8 , 18 , −7 , −5 , −17 , 272 },   { −3 , 0 , −9 , 18 , −8 , −4 , −15 , 272 },   { −1 , 0 , −2 , 6 , 1 , −5 , −34 , 288 },   { −1 , −1 , −2 , 7 , −1 , −5 , −32 , 288 },   { −2 , 0 , −4 , 10 , −2 , −7 , −31 , 288 },   { 0 , −1 , −5 , 12 , −3 , −8 , −31 , 288 },   { −2 , 0 , −6 , 15 , −4 , −9 , −30 , 288 },   { −3 , 0 , −8 , 18 , −5 , −10 , −30 , 288 },   { −3 , 1 , −9 , 18 , −7 , −10 , −28 , 288 },   { −4 , 1 , −10 , 18 , −8 , −12 , −24 , 288 }   }, //merge5  {   { 80 , 15 , 0 , −1 , 160 , 6 , −1 , −3 },   { 120 , 34 , 2 , −1 , 96 , 9 , −1 , −3 },   { 112 , 72 , 9 , −1 , 56 , 7 , 2 , −1 },   { 72 , 120 , 24 , −1 , 36 , 4 , 3 , −1 },   { 40 , 120 , 72 , 0 , 24 , 1 , 2 , −3 },   { 28 , 62 , 136 , 12 , 14 , 1 , 4 , 0 },   { 20 , 14 , 144 , 68 , 8 , 1 , 3 , −3 },   { 16 , 10 , 34 , 192 , 6 , 1 , 0 , −2 },   { 20 , 6 , 2 , 1 , 160 , 66 , 1 , 0 },   { 48 , 12 , 2 , 0 , 160 , 36 , 1 , −2 },   { 80 , 28 , 1 , 0 , 124 , 24 , 1 , −3 },   { 96 , 48 , 5 , 0 , 96 , 14 , 2 , −4 },   { 96 , 80 , 18 , −1 , 62 , 6 , 1 , −5 },   { 68 , 96 , 48 , 2 , 40 , 4 , 2 , −4 },   { 48 , 80 , 80 , 12 , 30 , 4 , 4 , −1 },   { 40 , 48 , 96 , 48 , 20 , 3 , 3 , −2 },   { 5 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 80 , 160 , 6 , −1 },   { 16 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 124 , 112 , 4 , −4 },   { 36 , 8 , 1 , 1 , 136 , 72 , 4 , −2 },   { 60 , 20 , 1 , 1 , 128 , 48 , 3 , −4 },   { 80 , 36 , 3 , −1 , 112 , 31 , 1 , −5 },   { 80 , 62 , 12 , 2 , 80 , 20 , 3 , −3 },   { 72 , 72 , 30 , 2 , 64 , 15 , 3 , −3 },   { 60 , 72 , 56 , 10 , 48 , 12 , 3 , −5 },   { 1 , −3 , −2 , −1 , 17 , 192 , 60 , −7 },   { 5 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 56 , 160 , 34 , −3 },   { 12 , 1 , −2 , 0 , 96 , 132 , 20 , −5 },   { 28 , 4 , −3 , −1 , 112 , 112 , 9 , −6 },   { 48 , 15 , 0 , 0 , 112 , 80 , 6 , −5 },   { 60 , 30 , 1 , 0 , 112 , 56 , 3 , −6 },   { 64 , 48 , 9 , 1 , 96 , 40 , 3 , −5 },   { 62 , 60 , 24 , 5 , 72 , 34 , 3 , −5 },   { 1 , −2 , 1 , 0 , 6 , 96 , 160 , −7 },   { 1 , −2 , 0 , 1 , 24 , 128 , 112 , −6 },   { 3 , −2 , 0 , 1 , 48 , 144 , 68 , −5 },   { 10 , 0 , −1 , 1 , 68 , 136 , 48 , −6 },   { 20 , 5 , 1 , 3 , 80 , 124 , 28 , −4 },   { 34 , 14 , 1 , 2 , 96 , 96 , 17 , −5 },   { 40 , 28 , 3 , 3 , 96 , 80 , 12 , −5 },   { 48 , 40 , 10 , 5 , 80 , 68 , 10 , −5 },   { 2 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 7 , 14 , 192 , 36 },   { −3 , −2 , −2 , −2 , 7 , 56 , 192 , 9 },   { −3 , −1 , 0 , 0 , 18 , 96 , 144 , 2 },   { 1 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 36 , 126 , 96 , −3 },   { 6 , −2 , 0 , 1 , 48 , 136 , 72 , −5 },   { 15 , 2 , 0 , 2 , 68 , 128 , 48 , −7 },   { 24 , 10 , 0 , 3 , 72 , 120 , 34 , −6 },   { 32 , 20 , 4 , 3 , 80 , 96 , 28 , −7 },   { 0 , −1 , −1 , −1 , 0 , 3 , 96 , 160 },   { −2 , −1 , −1 , −1 , 2 , 17 , 144 , 96 },   { −4 , −2 , −1 , 0 , 7 , 48 , 160 , 48 },   { −6 , −3 , 1 , 2 , 18 , 80 , 144 , 18 },   { −3 , −3 , 2 , 2 , 30 , 96 , 126 , 5 },   { 3 , −3 , 0 , 3 , 40 , 120 , 96 , −3 },   { 10 , 2 , −1 , 3 , 56 , 120 , 72 , −5 },   { 16 , 10 , 2 , 4 , 60 , 112 , 56 , −3 },   { 0 , −2 , −1 , 0 , 0 , 14 , −28 , 272 },   { 0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 20 , 36 , 192 },   { −4 , −2 , −1 , 1 , 2 , 28 , 96 , 136 },   { −5 , −3 , 0 , 1 , 8 , 48 , 128 , 80 },   { −5 , −4 , 1 , 2 , 15 , 64 , 136 , 48 },   { −2 , −4 , 1 , 4 , 24 , 80 , 126 , 28 },   { 8 , 5 , 4 , 8 , 40 , 96 , 80 , 14 },   { 8 , 5 , 4 , 8 , 40 , 96 , 80 , 14 }   }, //merge10  {   { 72 , 16 , 6 , 4 , 136 , 10 , 8 , 4 },   { 48 , 80 , 4 , 9 , 68 , 33 , 10 , 4 },   { −14 , 144 , 15 , 16 , 36 , 40 , 14 , 5 },   { −28 , 96 , 80 , 17 , 18 , 48 , 18 , 7 },   { −17 , 24 , 144 , 34 , 2 , 40 , 20 , 8 },   { −10 , −5 , 96 , 112 , −7 , 36 , 28 , 9 },   { −10 , −3 , 20 , 192 , −14 , 28 , 33 , 10 },   { −6 , −2 , −9 , 224 , −18 , 12 , 40 , 18 },   { −10 , 18 , 8 , 5 , 112 , 120 , −4 , 8 },   { −12 , 40 , 16 , 17 , 56 , 120 , 9 , 12 },   { −24 , 60 , 24 , 28 , 14 , 120 , 20 , 14 },   { −24 , 40 , 48 , 40 , −10 , 112 , 34 , 17 },   { −18 , 12 , 64 , 64 , −28 , 96 , 48 , 18 },   { −14 , −5 , 48 , 112 , −33 , 63 , 63 , 24 },   { −7 , −5 , 12 , 144 , −33 , 40 , 72 , 33 },   { −3 , −5 , −2 , 160 , −32 , 18 , 72 , 48 },   { −8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 12 , 192 , 10 , 18 },   { −10 , 15 , 15 , 24 , −4 , 160 , 36 , 20 },   { −14 , 14 , 16 , 40 , −20 , 136 , 62 , 24 },   { −14 , 8 , 18 , 56 , −31 , 96 , 96 , 28 },   { −12 , 1 , 18 , 72 , −36 , 66 , 112 , 36 },   { −9 , −3 , 12 , 96 , −40 , 40 , 112 , 48 },   { −5 , −4 , 3 , 112 , −36 , 18 , 96 , 72 },   { −3 , −5 , 1 , 120 , −36 , 3 , 80 , 96 },   { −4 , −1 , 6 , 14 , −16 , 136 , 112 , 10 },   { −5 , −2 , 6 , 24 , −16 , 96 , 128 , 24 },   { −8 , −1 , 4 , 36 , −20 , 60 , 144 , 40 },   { −8 , −1 , 2 , 48 , −24 , 36 , 144 , 60 },   { −5 , −2 , 4 , 60 , −28 , 20 , 128 , 80 },   { −5 , −3 , −2 , 68 , −31 , 6 , 112 , 112 },   { −3 , −3 , −1 , 80 , −30 , −4 , 80 , 136 },   { −3 , −5 , −2 , 80 , −31 , −10 , 66 , 160 },   { 0 , −2 , 2 , 16 , −7 , 24 , 192 , 30 },   { 0 , −3 , 1 , 28 , −10 , 16 , 160 , 63 },   { −4 , −2 , −5 , 34 , −15 , 7 , 144 , 96 },   { −3 , −1 , −6 , 40 , −18 , 2 , 112 , 128 },   { −2 , −2 , −4 , 48 , −20 , −4 , 80 , 160 },   { −3 , −3 , −6 , 48 , −24 , −10 , 63 , 192 },   { 0 , −1 , −4 , 56 , −24 , −12 , 48 , 192 },   { 2 , 0 , −1 , 60 , −24 , −12 , 36 , 192 },   { 0 , −5 , −4 , 12 , −6 , −5 , 144 , 120 },   { −1 , −5 , −9 , 20 , −12 , −8 , 112 , 160 },   { −2 , −1 , −12 , 28 , −14 , −9 , 72 , 192 },   { 0 , 1 , −8 , 34 , −12 , −9 , 56 , 192 },   { −1 , −1 , −6 , 34 , −17 , −14 , 34 , 224 },   { −1 , −2 , −6 , 36 , −20 , −15 , 20 , 240 },   { 1 , −1 , −4 , 40 , −20 , −17 , 14 , 240 },   { 1 , −2 , −2 , 40 , −20 , −18 , 7 , 248 },   { 1 , −3 , −6 , 10 , −4 , −6 , 40 , 224 },   { 1 , −1 , −12 , 18 , −7 , −9 , 24 , 240 },   { −1 , 2 , −14 , 24 , −8 , −12 , 12 , 252 },     { −2 , 2 , −12 , 24 , −10 , −16 , 4 , 264 },   { 0 , 0 , −5 , 24 , −12 , −16 , −2 , 264 },   { 0 , −1 , −3 , 24 , −14 , −18 , −9 , 272 },   { 1 , −1 , −2 , 28 , −15 , −20 , −12 , 272 },   { 1 , −1 , −2 , 31 , −18 , −20 , −14 , 272 },   { 2 , −1 , −8 , 9 , −2 , −6 , −12 , 272 },   { 3 , 1 , −10 , 15 , −3 , −10 , −14 , 272 },   { −1 , 2 , −12 , 15 , −7 , −15 , −18 , 288 },   { −3 , 3 , −10 , 17 , −7 , −16 , −20 , 288 },   { −1 , 1 , −5 , 17 , −8 , −17 , −24 , 288 },   { −1 , 0 , −3 , 18 , −9 , −20 , −24 , 288 },   { −1 , 0 , −2 , 20 , −12 , −20 , −24 , 288 },   { 0 , −2 , −3 , 24 , −14 , −20 , −24 , 288 }   }, //merge5  {   { −20 , 96 , −14 , −4 , 192 , 14 , −6 , −1 },   { −40 , 160 , 12 , −5 , 68 , 80 , −20 , 2 },   { −17 , 80 , 96 , −4 , 5 , 112 , −14 , −2 },   { 2 , −3 , 160 , 24 , −15 , 80 , 18 , −10 },   { 6 , −12 , 96 , 96 , −10 , 40 , 48 , −7 },   { 4 , −2 , 24 , 160 , −9 , 12 , 62 , 5 },   { 1 , 0 , −1 , 192 , −7 , −12 , 56 , 28 },   { 5 , 4 , 2 , 160 , −5 , −20 , 48 , 60 },   { −30 , 48 , 24 , −3 , 56 , 192 , −40 , 8 },   { −4 , 8 , 72 , 4 , −7 , 192 , −6 , −3 },   { 5 , −17 , 80 , 40 , −20 , 120 , 56 , −7 },   { 5 , −14 , 40 , 96 , −16 , 48 , 96 , 3 },   { 5 , −6 , 10 , 124 , −10 , 6 , 96 , 32 },   { 5 , 0 , −6 , 136 , −9 , −15 , 80 , 64 },   { 3 , 5 , −10 , 132 , −9 , −24 , 64 , 96 },   { 6 , 6 , −5 , 120 , −10 , −28 , 40 , 126 },   { 7 , −10 , 33 , 5 , −24 , 224 , 24 , −3 },   { 8 , −20 , 34 , 34 , −18 , 112 , 112 , −6 },   { 6 , −14 , 10 , 68 , −10 , 34 , 144 , 18 },   { 4 , −5 , −9 , 96 , −9 , −4 , 124 , 60 },   { 3 , 1 , −12 , 96 , −7 , −17 , 96 , 96 },   { 3 , 4 , −12 , 96 , −8 , −24 , 66 , 132 },   { 5 , 6 , −6 , 80 , −8 , −24 , 40 , 160 },   { 5 , 8 , 0 , 80 , −8 , −20 , 28 , 160 },   { 7 , −15 , 10 , 20 , −14 , 68 , 192 , −12 },   { 2 , −12 , −6 , 48 , −6 , 9 , 192 , 30 },   { 4 , −2 , −12 , 63 , −1 , −7 , 132 , 80 },   { 4 , 1 , −15 , 66 , −3 , −14 , 80 , 136 },   { 4 , 4 , −12 , 64 , −4 , −16 , 56 , 160 },   { 1 , 4 , −8 , 60 , −7 , −18 , 30 , 192 },   { 3 , 7 , −2 , 56 , −6 , −17 , 18 , 192 },   { 4 , 6 , 2 , 56 , −6 , −16 , 14 , 192 },   { 3 , −5 , −8 , 28 , 0 , −3 , 192 , 48 },   { 2 , −2 , −16 , 40 , −2 , −10 , 124 , 120 },   { 1 , 2 , −17 , 48 , −1 , −10 , 72 , 160 },   { 3 , 3 , −14 , 48 , −3 , −12 , 36 , 192 },   { 1 , 1 , −10 , 40 , −7 , −12 , 17 , 224 },   { 3 , 3 , −6 , 40 , −8 , −12 , 9 , 224 },   { 2 , 5 , −2 , 40 , −9 , −12 , 4 , 224 },   { 2 , 4 , −1 , 40 , −9 , −12 , 3 , 224 },   { 1 , 0 , −14 , 20 , −1 , −5 , 96 , 160 },   { 3 , 2 , −15 , 30 , −2 , −3 , 48 , 192 },   { 1 , 2 , −16 , 31 , −3 , −5 , 20 , 224 },   { 0 , 1 , −12 , 30 , −6 , −8 , 7 , 240 },   { 1 , 2 , −7 , 30 , −7 , −8 , 2 , 240 },   { 1 , 2 , −4 , 28 , −8 , −8 , −1 , 240 },   { 1 , 3 , −2 , 28 , −9 , −9 , −2 , 240 },   { 1 , 3 , 0 , 28 , −10 , −9 , −3 , 240 },   { −1 , 1 , −14 , 14 , −3 , −2 , 20 , 240 },   { 0 , 3 , −14 , 18 , −3 , −2 , 4 , 248 },   { 0 , 3 , −12 , 20 , −5 , −3 , −1 , 252 },   { 0 , 1 , −8 , 20 , −6 , −5 , −3 , 252 },   { 1 , 1 , −4 , 18 , −8 , −6 , −3 , 252 },   { 1 , 1 , −2 , 18 , −10 , −6 , −4 , 252 },   { 0 , 2 , 0 , 20 , −10 , −7 , −5 , 248 },   { 1 , 2 , 1 , 20 , −10 , −7 , −1 , 240 },   { 0 , 3 , −12 , 8 , −1 , −1 , −1 , 256 },   { 0 , 3 , −12 , 12 , −4 , −1 , −3 , 256 },   { 0 , 3 , −9 , 12 , −5 , −2 , 0 , 252 },   { 0 , 2 , −5 , 12 , −6 , −4 , −1 , 252 },   { 0 , 1 , −3 , 12 , −7 , −5 , −1 , 252 },   { 0 , 2 , −1 , 14 , −9 , −5 , −1 , 248 },   { −1 , 2 , 0 , 15 , −9 , −5 , −3 , 248 },   { 1 , 1 , 1 , 17 , −9 , −5 , −2 , 240 }   }, //merge5  {   { −36 , 15 , 1 , 0 , 320 , −48 , 6 , −1 },   { −34 , 17 , 6 , 6 , 288 , −40 , 10 , 2 },   { −33 , 15 , 8 , 6 , 288 , −40 , 10 , 2 },   { −36 , 15 , 10 , 6 , 288 , −40 , 9 , 2 },   { −40 , 20 , 7 , 9 , 288 , −40 , 9 , 2 },   { −48 , 20 , 12 , 10 , 288 , −36 , 8 , 1 },   { −56 , 14 , 31 , 7 , 288 , −36 , 7 , 1 },   { −60 , 9 , 28 , 28 , 272 , −31 , 7 , 2 },   { −40 , 1 , −1 , −1 , 224 , 96 , −24 , 2 },   { −40 , 1 , −2 , −1 , 224 , 96 , −24 , 2 },   { −48 , 7 , −2 , 1 , 224 , 96 , −24 , 3 },   { −48 , 6 , −1 , 1 , 224 , 96 , −24 , 2 },   { −40 , −1 , 2 , −2 , 224 , 96 , −24 , 1 },   { −40 , −2 , 1 , 0 , 224 , 96 , −24 , 0 },   { −40 , 3 , 1 , 8 , 192 , 112 , −24 , 4 },   { −40 , 3 , 1 , 7 , 192 , 112 , −24 , 4 },   { −1 , −2 , −1 , −2 , 7 , 288 , −36 , 2 },   { −1 , −2 , −1 , −1 , 7 , 288 , −36 , 3 },   { −2 , −1 , 0 , −1 , 6 , 288 , −36 , 2 },   { −2 , −2 , 1 , 0 , 6 , 288 , −36 , 2 },   { −2 , −3 , 1 , 0 , 6 , 288 , −36 , 2 },   { −3 , −3 , 0 , 0 , 6 , 288 , −34 , 2 },   { −4 , −5 , 0 , 1 , 7 , 288 , −33 , 1 },   { −5 , −3 , 2 , 4 , 10 , 272 , −28 , 3 },   { 12 , −2 , 1 , 1 , −40 , 192 , 112 , −20 },   { 10 , −1 , 2 , 2 , −40 , 192 , 112 , −20 },   { 9 , 0 , 1 , 1 , −40 , 192 , 112 , −20 },   { 9 , 0 , 2 , 2 , −40 , 192 , 112 , −20 },   { 7 , −3 , 3 , 1 , −36 , 192 , 112 , −20 },   { 7 , −3 , 2 , 2 , −40 , 192 , 120 , −24 },   { 7 , −3 , 0 , 0 , −36 , 192 , 120 , −24 },   { 6 , −4 , 1 , 1 , −36 , 192 , 120 , −24 },   { 3 , 0 , 1 , 1 , −3 , 9 , 272 , −28 },   { 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , −3 , 9 , 272 , −28 },   { 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , −3 , 7 , 272 , −24 },   { 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 , −2 , 7 , 272 , −24 },   { −1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , −3 , 7 , 272 , −24 },   { −1 , 0 , 2 , 2 , −3 , 7 , 272 , −24 },   { −1 , −1 , 1 , 2 , −4 , 7 , 272 , −20 },   { −1 , −1 , 2 , 3 , −3 , 10 , 264 , −17 },   { 2 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 9 , −36 , 192 , 80 },   { 1 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 10 , −36 , 192 , 80 },   { 0 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 9 , −34 , 192 , 80 },   { 0 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 9 , −34 , 192 , 80 },   { 0 , 2 , 4 , 3 , 9 , −33 , 192 , 80 },   { −2 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 5 , −36 , 192 , 96 },   { −3 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 5 , −36 , 192 , 96 },   { −3 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 4 , −34 , 192 , 96 },   { 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , −3 , 16 , 240 },   { 0 , 0 , 0 , −1 , 0 , −4 , 14 , 248 },   { −1 , 1 , 0 , −1 , 1 , −5 , 12 , 248 },   { −2 , 1 , 1 , −1 , 1 , −5 , 12 , 248 },   { −2 , 0 , 2 , −1 , 1 , −5 , 12 , 248 },   { −2 , 0 , 2 , 0 , 0 , −5 , 12 , 248 },   { −2 , 0 , 2 , 1 , 1 , −6 , 12 , 248 },   { −3 , 0 , 2 , 2 , 2 , −3 , 16 , 240 },   { 1 , −1 , −2 , −1 , −3 , 9 , −68 , 320 },   { −2 , 0 , −1 , −1 , −4 , 7 , −64 , 320 },   { −2 , 1 , −1 , −1 , −3 , 8 , −66 , 320 },   { −3 , 1 , 0 , −1 , −3 , 8 , −66 , 320 },   { −3 , 0 , 1 , −1 , −4 , 8 , −66 , 320 },   { −3 , −1 , 1 , −1 , −4 , 7 , −64 , 320 },   { −5 , −2 , 0 , 1 , −4 , 7 , −62 , 320 },   { −5 , −2 , 0 , 1 , −4 , 7 , −62 , 320 }   }, // merge10  {   { 60 , 20 , 8 , 2 , 160 , 1 , 3 , 2 },   { 16 , 96 , 5 , 3 , 126 , 7 , 2 , 1 },   { −60 , 192 , 15 , 4 , 96 , 9 , 0 , −1 },   { −80 , 160 , 96 , −4 , 80 , 9 , −3 , −3 },   { −72 , 60 , 192 , 6 , 62 , 10 , −1 , −1 },   { −56 , 9 , 160 , 80 , 48 , 12 , 0 , 2 },   { −48 , 10 , 48 , 192 , 40 , 12 , 0 , 1 },   { −48 , 15 , −24 , 264 , 32 , 14 , 0 , 2 },   { −36 , 36 , 6 , 2 , 160 , 96 , −10 , 1 },   { −80 , 96 , 12 , 4 , 160 , 72 , −6 , −3 },   { −136 , 144 , 28 , 8 , 144 , 72 , −2 , −1 },   { −160 , 144 , 80 , 8 , 128 , 62 , −4 , −3 },   { −160 , 72 , 144 , 24 , 112 , 60 , 1 , 1 },   { −136 , 32 , 132 , 80 , 96 , 56 , −2 , −2 },   { −126 , 20 , 48 , 192 , 80 , 48 , −2 , −4 },   { −112 , 20 , −4 , 240 , 64 , 48 , 0 , 0 },   { −32 , 28 , 8 , 4 , 34 , 224 , −12 , 2 },   { −80 , 63 , 14 , 4 , 48 , 224 , −14 , −4 },   { −124 , 96 , 32 , 12 , 56 , 192 , −7 , −1 },   { −160 , 96 , 72 , 24 , 64 , 160 , −2 , 2 },   { −160 , 62 , 112 , 32 , 62 , 160 , −8 , −5 },   { −160 , 36 , 96 , 80 , 66 , 144 , −2 , −3 },   { −160 , 28 , 48 , 160 , 66 , 120 , 0 , −4 },   { −160 , 28 , 9 , 192 , 63 , 112 , 9 , 2 },   { −24 , 20 , 10 , 6 , −20 , 192 , 80 , −7 },   { −63 , 40 , 15 , 8 , −20 , 224 , 60 , −9 },   { −96 , 64 , 28 , 14 , −18 , 224 , 48 , −9 },   { −128 , 63 , 56 , 24 , −14 , 224 , 40 , −8 },   { −144 , 40 , 80 , 40 , −9 , 224 , 34 , −10 },   { −160 , 32 , 80 , 80 , 1 , 192 , 33 , −2 },   { −160 , 24 , 36 , 136 , 3 , 192 , 28 , −3 },   { −160 , 20 , 10 , 192 , 6 , 160 , 28 , −2 },   { −24 , 15 , 8 , 4 , −5 , 48 , 224 , −14 },   { −48 , 33 , 16 , 12 , −6 , 72 , 192 , −14 },   { −80 , 40 , 24 , 16 , −15 , 96 , 192 , −17 },   { −96 , 40 , 40 , 28 , −16 , 112 , 160 , −12 },   { −120 , 28 , 60 , 48 , −20 , 128 , 144 , −12 },   { −128 , 20 , 48 , 80 , −20 , 136 , 128 , −9 },   { −136 , 17 , 28 , 120 , −24 , 144 , 112 , −6 },   { −144 , 16 , 9 , 160 , −24 , 144 , 96 , −1 },   { −20 , 10 , 7 , 4 , 3 , −28 , 224 , 56 },   { −48 , 20 , 10 , 12 , 2 , −20 , 240 , 40 },   { −66 , 28 , 18 , 20 , −2 , −10 , 240 , 28 },   { −80 , 24 , 32 , 31 , −4 , 4 , 224 , 24 },   { −96 , 15 , 40 , 48 , −9 , 17 , 224 , 17 },   { −112 , 10 , 33 , 72 , −14 , 30 , 224 , 12 },   { −112 , 8 , 15 , 112 , −18 , 48 , 192 , 10 },   { −124 , 7 , 3 , 132 , −24 , 56 , 192 , 12 },   { −12 , 9 , 7 , 5 , −1 , −6 , 62 , 192 },   { −32 , 14 , 6 , 10 , −5 , −10 , 80 , 192 },   { −48 , 18 , 15 , 24 , −3 , −8 , 96 , 160 },   { −60 , 10 , 24 , 31 , −5 , −7 , 120 , 144 },   { −72 , 4 , 28 , 48 , −9 , −7 , 136 , 128 },   { −80 , 3 , 18 , 72 , −12 , −3 , 144 , 112 },   { −96 , 3 , 7 , 96 , −12 , 0 , 160 , 96 },   { −96 , 2 , −4 , 112 , −18 , 4 , 160 , 96 },   { −14 , 4 , 2 , 4 , −7 , 14 , −68 , 320 },   { −24 , 12 , 6 , 16 , −3 , 17 , −56 , 288 },   { −36 , 9 , 8 , 20 , −6 , 12 , −40 , 288 },   { −48 , 4 , 14 , 34 , −8 , 12 , −24 , 272 },   { −56 , −2 , 14 , 48 , −12 , 10 , −12 , 264 },   { −66 , −2 , 7 , 66 , −12 , 9 , 5 , 248 },   { −80 , −3 , −8 , 96 , −16 , 9 , 32 , 224 },   { −80 , −3 , −8 , 96 , −16 , 9 , 32 , 224 }  } //merge10 };

The modified signaling is represented in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Unified signaling for directional and MIP modes   ...  if( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE || treeType = =  DUAL_TREE_LUMA ) }    if( Abs( Log2( cbWidth ) - Log2( cbHeight ) ) <= 2)     intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)    if( !intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) }     if( ( y0 % CtbSizeY ) > 0)      intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     if (intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&      ( cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY || cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY ) &&      ( cbWidth * cbHeight > MinTbSizeY * MinTbSizeY ))      intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     if( intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 1 &&      cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY && cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY )      intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)    }     if( intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&      intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0)      intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     if( intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) }      if( intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )       intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]      else       intra_luma_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     }     else {      if( intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )       intra_lwip_mpm_remainder[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)      else       intra_luma_mpm_remainder[ x0 ][ y0 ]     } ...

If infra_lwip_flag is not signaled, it is inferred to 0.

Derivation of the MPM list in the case of joint signaling is represented as follows:

MPM coding (intra_luma_mpm_idx) is not modified, i.e. the process for directional intra prediction mode is invoked.

Non-MPM coding (intra_luma_mpm_remainder) is invoked. For the case when intra_lwip_flag is 1, this symbol is encoded using a truncated unary code, or a fixed-length code, depending on the value of intra_lwip_mpm_flag. When this flag is set equal to 0, the number of the modes coded by this fixed-length code is set as follows.

-   -   cMax=(cbWidth==4 && cbHeight==4)?     -   31:((cbWidth<=8 && cbHeight<=8)?15:7)

When intra_lwip_mpm_flag is equal to 1 the number of the modes that could be encoded using truncated unary code is fixed and does not depend on the dimensions of the current block.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure facilitates the usage of a special flag for MPM coding. This flag may be referred to as intra_luma_planar_flag or intra_luma_not_planar_flag, indicating intra prediction mode being or not being planar, respectively. When mpm_flag is equal to zero, intra_luma_planar_flag is not signaled. In accordance with the embodiment, the unified signaling mechanism could be defined as follows (see Table 12). In this embodiment MIP MPM signaling is enabled only for the case when intra_luma_not_planar_flag is set equal to 0 thus indicating that intra prediction mode is non-planar. Otherwise, when intra_luma_not_planar_flag is set equal to 1, it is indicated that intra prediction mode is planar. In this case no additional MIP-related signaling is required since is known that planar mode does not belong to the set of MIP modes.

TABLE 12 Unified signaling for directional and MIP modes facilitating intra_luma_non_planar_flag       ...  if( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE || treeType = = DUAL_TREE_LUMA ) {   if( ( y0 % CtbSizeY ) > 0)    intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if (intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&    ( cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY || cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY ) &&    ( cbWidth * cbHeight > MinTbSizeY * MinTbSizeY ))    intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if( intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 1 &&    cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY && cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY )    intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if( intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&    intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0)    intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if( intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {    if( intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0)     intra_luma_not_planar_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]    if( intra_luma_not_planar_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {     if (intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&     intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0) {      intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]     }     if( intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {      intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]     } else      intra_luma_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]    }   } else   {    intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]    if(intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )     intra_lwip_mpm_remainder[ x0 ][ y0 ]   }

In another embodiment a more general intra_luma_head_mpm_flag is used instead of intra_luma_nonplanar_flag. As in the previous embodiment, it is assumed that among the set of casual intra prediction modes the most probable one is the planar mode. Therefore, when infra_lwip_flag is set to zero, intra_luma_head_mpm_flag being set to 1 indicates that intra prediction mode is planar. When infra_lwip_flag is set to 1, intra_luma_head_mpm_flag being set to 1 indicates that intra prediction mode is the most probable MIP mode. Table 13 gives the syntax of MIP, the MIP list part of which is based on intra_luma_head_mpm_flag signaling.

TABLE 13 Unified signaling for directional and MIP modes facilitating intra_luma_head_mpm_flag ...  if( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE || treeType = = DUAL_TREE_LUMA_) {   if( ( y0 % CtbSizeY ) > 0)    intra_luma_ref idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if (intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&    ( cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY || cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY ) &&    ( cbWidth * cbHeight > MinTbSizeY * MinTbSizeY ))    intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if( intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 1 &&    cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY && cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY )    intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if( intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&    intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0)    intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if( intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {    if( intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0)     intra_luma_head_mpm_flag [ x0 ][ y0 ]     if (intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&     intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0) {      intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]    }    if( intra_luma_head_mpm_flag [ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0) {     if( intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {      intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]     } else      intra_luma_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]    }   } else   {    intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]    if(intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )     intra_lwip_mpm_remainder[ x0 ][ y0 ]   }

The most probable MIP modes' numbers are 17, 0 and 1 for the values of MIP block size types 0, 1 and 2 respectively.

The MIP modes are defined by the multiplication matrices A and offset matrices b that are used in obtaining reduced predicted samples pred_(red) from the reduced boundary bdry_(red): pred_(red) =A·bdry_(red) +b.

Multiplication matrix A and offset values b for the most probable mode 17 of the MIP block size type 0 are given in table 14. Offset values b for MIP block size types 1 and 2 are equal to 0. Multiplication matrix A for the best mode 0 and MIP block size type 1 is given in Table 15. Multiplication matrix A for the best mode 1 and MIP block size type 2 is given in Table 16.

TABLE 14 Multiplication matrix A and offset values b for the most probable MIP mode 17 of block size type 0. block size type 0 matrix A bias −23 −3 283 −2 1 −18 −11 287 −2 1 −2 −26 287 −3 1 −1 −21 282 −4 1 18 2 234 3 −1 16 5 233 3 −1 13 7 231 5 −1 17 0 229 10 −1 2 −1 9 246 0 2 −1 6 249 0 1 1 3 251 0 −1 3 3 251 0 0 0 −11 267 0 0 1 −11 266 0 1 1 −10 264 0 1 1 −9 263 0 (In Table 14 Multiplication matrix A is given in 8-bit precision, i.e. the multiplication result A·bdry_(red) should be right-shifted by 8. Precision of multiplication matrices A in Table 15 and Table 16 is 9 bits.)

TABLE 15 Multiplication matrix A for the most probable MIP mode 0 of block size type 1. block size type 1 matrix A 42 −26 8 −1 270 −41 7 −3 192 −31 −4 1 131 −41 12 −4 128 146 −21 −3 10 −5 2 −2 14 136 111 1 −9 7 −3 −1 −11 2 −2 1 35 267 −42 5 −34 0 2 1 197 126 −42 6 52 −41 8 1 257 −15 −3 −1 132 15 −18 5 156 −40 11 −4 3 −1 0 1 −16 32 272 −36 9 −2 −1 1 −47 199 129 −32 −13 6 −3 2 12 268 −11 −4 −15 −6 3 3 137 167 −35 3 −3 0 −2 1 4 −15 24 246 −5 0 −3 2 15 −56 202 101 1 −1 −3 2 −8 6 267 −9 5 0 −3 4 −29 145 152 −18

TABLE 16 Multiplication matrix A for the most probable MIP mode 1 of block size type 2. block size type 2 matrix A 78 15 0 0 158 7 0 −2 117 35 2 −1 96 9 0 −2 115 72 9 −1 55 7 1 −2 75 116 26 −1 36 4 3 −2 41 117 71 0 24 2 3 −2 28 62 138 12 14 1 3 −1 22 14 140 69 8 1 3 −2 16 10 34 188 7 2 1 −1 18 5 1 0 171 64 −1 −2 51 11 2 0 158 37 1 −3 81 28 1 0 123 24 1 −3 96 51 5 1 89 15 3 −3 89 78 19 0 63 8 3 −3 69 94 44 2 43 4 3 −3 51 78 86 10 29 3 3 −3 38 49 98 47 21 3 3 −3 5 1 1 0 83 162 5 −2 16 2 1 1 123 112 4 −3 37 8 1 1 135 74 3 −3 60 19 1 1 127 49 3 −4 77 38 4 0 107 32 2 −3 80 61 11 1 84 21 2 −4 72 76 30 2 63 14 2 −4 59 72 55 11 48 12 3 −4 3 −1 0 1 19 178 61 −4 5 −1 0 1 55 166 33 −4 13 1 −1 1 90 134 20 −4 28 6 −1 1 109 105 11 −4 45 15 0 1 114 78 7 −4 59 31 2 1 107 57 4 −5 64 49 9 1 92 43 3 −5 62 59 23 5 74 34 3 −5 1 −2 1 0 7 87 167 −6 1 −2 0 1 22 129 112 −6 3 −2 0 1 45 145 70 −5 10 0 −1 1 68 140 44 −6 21 4 0 1 87 123 27 −6 33 13 0 1 96 103 16 −7 44 27 2 2 94 83 11 −6 48 38 10 4 85 67 10 −6 0 −1 1 0 5 11 205 36 −2 −1 0 0 9 55 183 11 −3 −1 0 0 19 98 142 1 0 −2 0 0 35 125 103 −4 6 −2 0 1 51 134 72 −6 15 2 0 2 66 129 49 −7 25 11 0 3 75 116 34 −7 32 21 4 4 76 98 27 −6 0 −1 0 0 1 4 91 161 −2 −1 −1 0 3 18 146 91 −4 −2 −1 1 8 46 164 44 −6 −3 0 1 17 77 151 17 −3 −4 1 1 29 102 125 4 3 −3 0 3 41 116 98 −2 10 2 0 4 52 119 74 −4 16 10 3 5 59 109 57 −2 0 −2 −1 0 1 14 −26 269 −2 −2 −1 0 1 17 33 208 −4 −2 −1 1 3 27 93 139 −5 −3 0 1 9 44 129 82 −5 −4 1 2 16 65 135 47 −2 −4 1 3 25 83 125 26 2 −2 1 4 35 94 106 15 7 3 2 6 42 96 87 12

When intra_luma_head_mpm_flag is signaled for MIP modes, the most probable MIP mode is indicated. This requires, that MPM list for MIP should be constructed in such a manner that the first element of the MPM list is always assigned to the same most probable MIP mode (e.g. 17, 0 or 1 for the MIP block size type 0, 1 and 2, respectively).

The order of signaling MRLP index (intra_luma_ref_idx), ISP flag (intra_subpartitions_split_flag) and MIP flag (intra_lwip_flag) may be different. Table 17 shows the embodiment of Table 10 wherein MRLP index (intra_luma_ref_idx) and ISP flag (intra_subpartitions_split_flag) follows MIP flag (intra_lwip_flag).

TABLE 17 Unified signaling for directional and MIP modes facilitating intra_luma_non_planar_flag with alternative flag coding order.        ...  if( treeType = = SINGLE TREE || treeType = = DUAL TREE_luma_) {    intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if( intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {     intra_luma_not_planar_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]    if( intra_luma_not_planar_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {      intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]     if( intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {      intra_lwip_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]     } else      intra_luma_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]    }   } else   {    intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]    if(intra_lwip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )     intra_lwip_mpm_remainder [ x0 ][ y0 ]   }   if( intra_luma_mpm_flag == 1 && intra_luma_not_planar_flag ==   1 && (y0 % CtbSizeY ) > 0)    intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if (intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&       ( cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY || cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY )   &&       ( cbWidth * cbHeight > MinTbSizeY * MinTbSizeY ) &&   intra_lwip_flag == 0 && intra_luma_mpm_flag == 1)    intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]   if( intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 1 &&       cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY && cbHeight <=   MaxTbSizeY )    intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ]

FIG. 13 illustrates a method of intra prediction based on the present disclosure, wherein the method of the intra prediction is either a directional intra prediction method or an ALWIP method, wherein the method comprises the following steps. The step are preparing a set of reference samples (step 1601); in case the method of intra prediction for a first block is directional intra prediction (step 1603: yes), obtaining (step 1605) a first predicted signal of the first block of a first picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a first set of coefficients; obtaining (step 1607) a first reconstructed block of the first picture based on the first predicted signal; and in case the method of intra prediction of a second block is ALWIP (step 1603: no), obtaining (step 1609) a second predicted signal of the second block of a second picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a second set of coefficients, wherein the second set of coefficients comprises coefficients of a core matrix A of ALWIP, and the coefficients of the core matrix A and the first set of coefficients have same precision; upsampling (1611) the second predicted signal; and obtaining (1613) a second reconstructed block of the second picture based on the upsampled second predicted signal.

FIG. 14 illustrates an encoder 20 based on the present disclosure. The encoder 20 of FIG. 14 comprises a preparing unit 2001 configured to prepare a set of reference samples; a first obtaining unit 2003 configured to, in case a first block is intra-predicted by directional intra prediction, obtain a first predicted signal of the first block of the first picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a first set of coefficients, and obtain a first reconstructed block of the first picture based on the first predicted signal; a second obtaining unit 2005 configured to, in case a second block of a second picture is intra-predicted by ALWIP, obtain a second predicted signal of the second block of the second picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a second set of coefficients, wherein the second set of coefficients comprises coefficients of a core matrix A of ALWIP, and the coefficients of the core matrix A and the first set of coefficients have same precision; upsampling the second predicted signal; and obtaining a second reconstructed block of the second picture based on the upsampled second predicted signal.

FIG. 15 illustrates a decoder 30 based on the present disclosure. The decoder 30 of FIG. 15 comprises a preparing unit 3001 configured to prepare a set of reference samples; a first obtaining unit 3003 configured to, in case a first block is intra-predicted by directional intra prediction, obtain a first predicted signal of the first block of the first picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a first set of coefficients, and obtain a first reconstructed block of the first picture based on the first predicted signal; a second obtaining unit (3005) configured to, in case a second block of a second picture is intra-predicted by ALWIP, obtain a second predicted signal of the second block of the second picture by convolving the set of reference samples with a second set of coefficients, wherein the second set of coefficients comprises coefficients of a core matrix A of ALWIP, and the coefficients of the core matrix A and the first set of coefficients have same precision; upsampling the second predicted signal; and obtaining a second reconstructed block of the second picture based on the upsampled second predicted signal.

In the encoder 20 based on FIG. 14 , and/or in the decoder 30 based on FIG. 15 , the first and second obtaining units may be the same.

Mathematical Operators.

The mathematical operators used in this application are similar to those used in the C programming language. However, the results of integer division and arithmetic shift operations are defined more precisely, and additional operations are defined, such as exponentiation and real-valued division. Numbering and counting conventions generally begin from 0, e.g. ““the fir”t” is equivalent to the 0-th ““the seco”d” is equivalent to the 1-th, etc.

Arithmetic Operators.

The following arithmetic operators are defined as follows.

-   -   + Addition     -   − Subtraction (as a two-argument operator) or negation (as a         unary prefix operator)     -   * Multiplication, including matrix multiplication     -   x^(y) Exponentiation. Specifies x to the power of y. In other         contexts, such notation is used for superscripting not intended         for interpretation as exponentiation.     -   / Integer division with truncation of the result toward zero.         For example, 7/4 and −7/−4 are truncated to 1 and −7/4 and 7/−4         are truncated to −1.     -   ÷ Used to denote division in mathematical equations where no         truncation or rounding is intended.

$\frac{x}{y}$

-   -    Used to denote division in mathematical equations where no         truncation or rounding is intended.

$\begin{matrix} {\sum\limits_{i = x}^{y}{f(i)}} & \; \end{matrix}$

-   -    The summation of f(i) with i taking all integer values from x         up to and including y.     -   x % y Modulus. Remainder of x divided by y, defined only for         integers x and y with x>=0 and y>0.

Logical operators.

The following logical operators are defined as follows.

-   -   x && y Boolean logica ““a”d” of x and y     -   x∥y Boolean logica ““ ”r” of x and y     -   ! Boolean logica ““n”t”     -   x? y: z If x is TRUE or not equal to 0, evaluates to the value         of y; otherwise, evaluates to the value of z.

Relational operators.

The following relational operators are defined as follows.

-   -   ≥ Greater than     -   >= Greater than or equal to     -   < Less than     -   <= Less than or equal to     -   == Equal to     -   != Not equal to

When a relational operator is applied to a syntax element or variable that has been assigned the valu ““ ”a” (not applicable), the valu ““ ”a” is treated as a distinct value for the syntax element or variable. The valu ““ ”a” is considered not to be equal to any other value.

Bit-Wise Operators.

The following bit-wise operators are defined as follows.

-   -   & Bit-wis ““a”d”. When operating on integer arguments, operates         on a t′o's complement representation of the integer value. When         operating on a binary argument that contains fewer bits than         another argument, the shorter argument is extended by adding         more significant bits equal to 0.     -   | Bit-wis ““ ”r”. When operating on integer arguments, operates         on a t′o's complement representation of the integer value. When         operating on a binary argument that contains fewer bits than         another argument, the shorter argument is extended by adding         more significant bits equal to 0.     -   {circumflex over ( )} Bit-wis “ ” exclusive “r”. When operating         on integer arguments, operates on a t′o's complement         representation of the integer value. When operating on a binary         argument that contains fewer bits than another argument, the         shorter argument is extended by adding more significant bits         equal to 0.     -   x>>y Arithmetic right shift of a t′o's complement integer         representation of x by y binary digits. This function is defined         only for non-negative integer values of y. Bits shifted into the         most significant bits (MSBs) as a result of the right shift have         a value equal to the MSB of x prior to the shift operation.     -   x<<y Arithmetic left shift of a t′o's complement integer         representation of x by y binary digits. This function is defined         only for non-negative integer values of y. Bits shifted into the         least significant bits (LSBs) as a result of the left shift have         a value equal to 0.

Assignment Operators.

The following arithmetic operators are defined as follows.

-   -   = Assignment operator     -   ++ Increment, i.e., x++ is equivalent to x=x+1; when used in an         array index, evaluates to the value of the variable prior to the         increment operation.     -   −− Decrement, i.e., x−− is equivalent to x=−−1; when used in an         array index, evaluates to the value of the variable prior to the         decrement operation.     -   += Increment by amount specified, i.e., x+=3 is equivalent to         x=x+3, and x+=(−3) is equivalent to x=x+(−3).     -   −= Decrement by amount specified, i.e., x−=3 is equivalent to         x=−3, and x−=(−3) is equivalent to x=−−(−3).

Range Notation.

The following notation is used to specify a range of values.

-   -   x=y . . . z x takes on integer values starting from y to z,         inclusive, with x, y, and z being integer numbers and z being         greater than y.

Mathematical Functions.

The following mathematical functions are defined.

${{Abs}(x)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {x;} & {x>=0} \\ {{- x};} & {x < 0} \end{matrix} \right.$

-   -   A sin(x) the trigonometric inverse sine function, operating on         an argument x that is in the range of −1.0 to 1.0, inclusive,         with an output value in the range of −π÷2 to n÷2, inclusive, in         units of radians     -   A tan(x) the trigonometric inverse tangent function, operating         on an argument x, with an output value in the range of −π÷2 to         n÷2, inclusive, in units of radians

${A\tan 2\left( {y,\ x} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {{A\;{\tan\ \left( \frac{y}{\;} \right)}}\ ;} & {x > 0} \\ {{{A\;{\tan\ \left( \frac{y}{x} \right)}} + \pi}\ ;} & {{{{{x < 0}\ \&}\&}\ y}>=0} \\ {{{A\;{\tan\ \left( \frac{y}{x} \right)}} + {- \pi}};} & {{{{{x < 0}\ \&}\&}\ y} < 0} \\ {{+ \frac{\pi}{2}};} & {{x==0}\&\&{y>=0}} \\ {{- \frac{\pi}{2}};} & {otherwise} \end{matrix} \right.$

-   -   Ceil(x) the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.     -   Clip1_(Y)(x)=Clip3(0, (1<<BitDepth_(Y)−−1, x)     -   Clip1_(C)(x)=Clip3(0, (1<<BitDepth_(C)−−1, x)

${Clip3\left( {x,y,z} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {x;} & {z < x} \\ {y;} & {z > y} \\ {z;} & {otherwise} \end{matrix} \right.$

-   -   Cos(x) the trigonometric cosine function operating on an         argument x in units of radians.     -   Floor(x) the largest integer less than or equal to X.

${{GetCurrMsb}\left( {a,b,c,d} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {{c + d}\ ;} & {{b - a}\ >={d/2}} \\ {{{c - d};}\ } & {{a - b}\  > {d/2}} \\ {c;} & {otherwise} \end{matrix} \right.$

-   -   Ln(x) the natural logarithm of x (the base-e logarithm, where e         is the natural logarithm base constant 2.718 281 828 . . . ).     -   Log 2(x) the base-2 logarithm of x.     -   Log 10(x) the base-10 logarithm of x.

$\begin{matrix} {{{Min}\left( {x,y} \right)} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {{x;}\ } & {x<=y} \\ {{y;}\ } & {x > y} \end{matrix}{{Max}\left( {x,y} \right)}} = \left\{ {{\begin{matrix} {x;} & {\ {x>=y}} \\ {{y;}\ } & {x < y} \end{matrix}{{Round}(x)}} = {{{{Sign}(x)}*{{Floor}\left( {{{Abs}(x)} + {0.5}} \right)}{{Sign}(x)}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {{1;}\ } & {x > 0} \\ {0\ ;} & {x==0} \\ {{{- 1};}\ } & {x < 0} \end{matrix} \right.}} \right.} \right.} & \; \end{matrix}$

-   -   Sin(x) the trigonometric sine function operating on an argument         x in units of radians Sqrt(x)=√{square root over (x)}     -   Swap(x, y)=(y, x)     -   Tan(x) the trigonometric tangent function operating on an         argument x in units of radians

Order of Operation Precedence.

When an order of precedence in an expression is not indicated explicitly by use of parentheses, the following rules apply. Operations of a higher precedence are evaluated before any operation of a lower precedence. Operations of the same precedence are evaluated sequentially from left to right.

Table 18 below specifies the precedence of operations from highest to lowest; a higher position in table 18 indicates a higher precedence.

For those operators that are also used in the C programming language, the order of precedence used in this Specification is the same as used in the C programming language.

TABLE 18 Operation precedence from highest (at top of table) to lowest (at bottom of table)   operations (with operands x, y, and z)“ ″x” + ″“ ″x−“−″“ ″”x″“ ″”x″ (as a unary prefix operator) x^(y)« ${\,^{``}x}*{»y}^{''}«{{\,^{\mspace{14mu}{``}}x}/{»y}^{''}}«{\,\mspace{14mu}}^{``}{x \div {»y}^{''}}{«\mspace{11mu}}^{``}\frac{x}{»}{\,^{''}»}\mspace{14mu}{\,^{``}x}\mspace{14mu}\%\mspace{14mu}{»y}^{''``}$ ″x +”y″“ ″− −”y″ (as a two-argument operator)“ ” $\sum\limits_{i = x}^{y}{{f(i)}^{''}``}$ ″x << ”y″“ ″x >> ”y″“ ″x < ”y″“ ″x <= ”y″“ ″x > ”y″“ ″x >= ”y″“ ″x = = ”y″“ ″x != ”y″“ ″x & ”y″“ ″x | ”y″“ ″x && ”y″“ ″x | | ”y″“ ″x ? y:”z″“ ″x · ”y″“ ″x = ”y″“ ″x += ”y″“ ″x −=”y″

Text description of logical operations.

In the text, a statement of logical operations as would be described mathematically in the following form.

-   -   if(condition 0)         -   statement 0     -   else if(condition 1)         -   statement 1     -   . . .     -   else /* informative remark on remaining condition */statement         -   n     -   may be described in the following manner:     -   . . . as follows/ . . . the following applies:         -   If condition 0, statement 0         -   Otherwise, if condition 1, statement 1         -   . . .         -   Otherwise (informative remark on remaining condition),             statement n

Each “If . . . Otherwise, if . . . Otherwise, . . . ” statement in the text is introduced with “ . . . as follows” or “ . . . the following applies” immediately followed by “If . . . ”. The last condition of the “If . . . Otherwise, if . . . Otherwise, . . . ” is always an “Otherwise, . . . ”. Interleaved “If . . . Otherwise, if . . . Otherwise, . . . ” statements can be identified by matching “ . . . as follows” or “ . . . the following applies” with the ending “Otherwise, . . . ”.

In the text, a statement of logical operations as would be described mathematically in the following form.

-   -   if(condition 0a && condition 0b)         -   statement 0     -   else if(condition 1a condition 1b)         -   statement 1     -   . . .     -   else         -   statement n     -   may be described in the following manner:     -   . . . as follows/ . . . the following applies:         -   If all of the following conditions are true, statement 0:             -   condition 0a             -   condition 0b         -   Otherwise, if one or more of the following conditions are             true, statement 1:             -   condition 1a             -   condition 1b         -   . . .         -   Otherwise, statement n

In the text, a statement of logical operations as would be described mathematically in the following form.

-   -   if(condition 0)         -   statement 0     -   if(condition 1)         -   statement 1             may be described in the following manner:     -   When condition 0, statement 0     -   When condition 1, statement 1

Although embodiments of the present disclosure have been primarily described based on video coding, it should be noted that embodiments of the coding system 10, encoder 20 and decoder 30 (and correspondingly the system 10) and the other embodiments described herein may also be configured for still picture processing or coding, i.e. the processing or coding of an individual picture independent of any preceding or consecutive picture as in video coding. In general only inter-prediction units 244 (encoder) and 344 (decoder) may not be available in case the picture processing coding is limited to a single picture 17. All other functionalities (also referred to as tools or technologies) of the video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may equally be used for still picture processing, e.g. residual calculation 204/304, transform 206, quantization 208, inverse quantization 210/310, (inverse) transform 212/312, partitioning 262/362, intra-prediction 254/354, and/or loop filtering 220, 320, and entropy coding 270 and entropy decoding 304.

Embodiments, e.g. of the encoder 20 and the decoder 30, and functions described herein, e.g. with reference to the encoder 20 and the decoder 30, may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on a computer-readable medium or transmitted over communication media as one or more instructions or code and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., based on a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

By way of example, and not limiting, such computer-readable storage media can comprise a random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. It should be understood, however, that computer-readable storage media and data storage media do not include connections, carrier waves, signals, or other transitory media, but are instead directed to non-transitory, tangible storage media. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc, where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques, but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may be combined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of intra prediction, comprising: preparing a set of reference samples; when a first intra prediction for a first block is directional intra prediction, performing the following steps: convolving the set of reference samples with a first set of coefficients to obtain a first predicted signal of the first block of a first picture; obtaining a first reconstructed block of the first picture according to the first predicted signal; and when a second intra prediction of a second block is affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP), performing the following steps: convolving the set of reference samples with a second set of coefficients to obtain a second predicted signal of the second block of a second picture, wherein the second set of coefficients comprise coefficients of a core matrix A of ALWIP, and wherein the coefficients of the core matrix A of ALWIP and the first set of coefficients have a same precision; upsampling the second predicted signal; and obtaining a second reconstructed block of the second picture according to the upsampled second predicted signal.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein when the first intra prediction for the first block is directional intra prediction or when the second intra prediction of the second block is ALWIP, the method further comprises performing at least one of following steps: adaptively defining the first set of coefficients per position of a first predicted sample of the set of reference samples; or adaptively defining the second set of coefficients per position of a second predicted sample of the set of reference samples.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the coefficients of the core matrix A have a 6-bit precision such that 10-bit samples processing of the core matrix A fits in 16-bit arithmetic.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; deriving the set of reference samples based on the two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; obtaining an intra prediction mode from a bitstream; obtaining a set of matrix-based intra prediction (MIP) coefficients based on the intra prediction mode, wherein a MIP coefficient C_(MIP) of the set of MIP coefficients is obtained according to C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·(q<<s), wherein q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient, wherein s is a left shift value, and wherein v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; obtaining a prediction block based on the set of reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients; and obtaining a reconstructed picture based on the prediction block.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising obtaining the prediction block from a matrix multiplication of the reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients, wherein a multiplication operation in matrix multiplication is performed with reduced bit depth by repositioning shift operation after multiplication and comprises p·C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·((p·q)<<s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient, wherein s is a left shift value, wherein v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient, wherein p is a reference sample, and wherein the p=bdry_(red) ^(top)[i] 0≤i<W or the p=bdry_(red) ^(left)[i], 0≤i<H.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the magnitude of the MIP coefficient is a 6-bit depth value.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the left shift value is a 2-bit depth value.
 8. An apparatus, comprising: at least one memory configured to store program instructions; and at least one processor coupled to the memory, wherein the program instructions that when executed by the at least one processor causes the apparatus to: prepare a set of reference samples; when a first intra prediction for a first block is directional intra prediction, the program instructions cause the apparatus to: convolve the set of reference samples with a first set of coefficients to obtain a first predicted signal of the first block of a first picture; obtain a first reconstructed block of the first picture according to the first predicted signal; and when a second intra prediction of a second block is affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP), the program instructions cause the apparatus to: convolve the set of reference samples with a second set of coefficients to obtain a second predicted signal of the second block of a second picture, wherein the second set of coefficients comprise coefficients of a core matrix A of ALWIP, and wherein the coefficients of the core matrix A of ALWIP and the first set of coefficients have a same precision; upsample the second predicted signal; and obtain a second reconstructed block of the second picture according to the upsampled second predicted signal.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein when the first intra prediction for the first block is directional intra prediction or when the second intra prediction of the second block is ALWIP, the program instructions further cause the apparatus to perform at least one of: adaptively define the first set of coefficients per position of a first predicted sample of the set of reference samples; or adaptively define the second set of coefficients per position of a second predicted sample of the set of reference samples.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the coefficients of the core matrix A have a 6-bit precision such that 10-bit samples processing of the core matrix A fits in 16-bit arithmetic.
 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the program instructions further cause the apparatus to: obtain two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; derive the set of reference samples based on the two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; obtain an intra prediction mode from a bitstream; obtain a set of matrix-based intra prediction (MIP) coefficients based on the intra prediction mode, wherein an MIP coefficient C_(MIP) of the set of MIP coefficients is obtained according to C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·(q<<s) wherein q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient, wherein s is a left shift value, and wherein v_(sg)n is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; obtain a prediction block based on the set of reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients; and obtain a reconstructed picture based on the prediction block.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the program instructions further cause the apparatus to obtain the prediction block from a matrix multiplication of the reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients, wherein the multiplication operation in matrix multiplication is performed with reduced bit depth by repositioning shift operation after multiplication and comprises p·C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·((p·q)<<s), wherein q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient, wherein s is a left shift value, wherein v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient, wherein p is a reference sample, wherein the p=bdry_(red) ^(top)[i] 0≤i<W or the p=bdry_(red) ^(left)[i], 0≤i<H, and wherein W is a width and H is a height of a block of the reconstructed neighboring samples.
 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the magnitude of the MIP coefficient is a 6-bit depth value.
 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the left shift value is a 2-bit depth value.
 15. A computer program product comprising computer-executable instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, that when executed by at least one processor, cause an intra-prediction apparatus to: prepare a set of reference samples; when a first intra prediction for a first block is directional intra prediction, the intra-prediction apparatus is configured to: convolve the set of reference samples with a first set of coefficients to obtain a first predicted signal of the first block of a first picture; obtain a first reconstructed block of the first picture according to the first predicted signal; and when a second intra prediction of a second block is affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP, the intra-prediction apparatus is configured to: convolve the set of reference samples with a second set of coefficients to obtain a second predicted signal of the second block of a second picture, wherein the second set of coefficients comprise coefficients of a core matrix A of ALWIP, and wherein the coefficients of the core matrix A of ALWIP and the first set of coefficients have a same precision; upsample the second predicted signal; and obtain a second reconstructed block of the second picture according to the upsampled second predicted signal.
 16. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein when the first intra prediction for the first block is directional intra prediction or when the second intra prediction of the second block is ALWIP, the computer-executable instructions further cause the intra prediction apparatus to: obtain two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; derive the set of reference samples based on the two lines of reconstructed neighboring samples; obtain an intra prediction mode from a bitstream; obtain a set of matrix-based intra prediction (MIP) coefficients based on the intra prediction mode, wherein an MIP coefficient C_(MIP) of the set of MIP coefficients is obtained according to C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·(q<<s), wherein q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient, wherein s is a left shift value, wherein v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient; obtain a prediction block based on the set of reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients; and obtain a reconstructed picture based on the prediction block.
 17. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the computer-executable instructions further causes the intra prediction apparatus to obtain the prediction block from a matrix multiplication of the reference samples and the set of MIP coefficients, wherein the multiplication operation in matrix multiplication is performed with reduced bit depth by repositioning shift operation after multiplication and comprises p·C_(MIP)=v_(sgn)·((p·q)<<s), where q is a magnitude of the MIP coefficient, wherein s is a left shift value, wherein v_(sgn) is a sign value of the MIP coefficient, wherein p is a reference sample, wherein the p=bdry_(red) ^(top)[i] 0≤i<W or the p=bdry_(red) ^(top)[i], 0≤i<H, and wherein W is a width and H is a height of a block of the reconstructed neighboring samples.
 18. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the magnitude of the MIP coefficient is a 6-bit depth value.
 19. The computer program product of claim 16, wherein the left shift value is a 2-bit depth value.
 20. The computer program product of claim 15, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the intra prediction apparatus to perform at least one of: adaptively define the first set of coefficients per position of a first predicted sample of the set of reference samples; or adaptively define the second set of coefficients per position of a second predicted sample of the set of reference samples. 